Coding Flashcards
DNA bases
Cytosine
Guanine
Adenine
Thymine
RNA bases
Cytosine
Guanine
Adenine
Uracil
3 Types of RNA
Messenger RNA
Ribosomal RNA
Transfer RNA
Messenger RNA
Used in transcription (nucleus)
Ribosomal RNA
Forms ribosomes (cytoplasm)
Transfer RNA
Used in translation (ribosomes)
Protein coding steps
DNA -> Transcription -> RNA (from gene) -> Translation -> Protein (from RNA) Polypetide chain (incoming tRNA carrying an amino acid)
Protein coding
Transcription of template strand (3’-5’)
mRNA transcript with sequence (5’-3’)
Has Uracil instead of thymine
Splicing
Removes intron sequences in pre-mRNA to produce the ‘Open reading frame’ in mRNA which is then transported from thenucleus to a Ribosome
mRNA intiator and stop codon
5’ untranslated region upstream
3’ untranslated region downstream
Peptide chain
Series of incoming tRNA bound to amino acid which meets the mRNA in the ribosome
Empty transfer RNA leaves
Codon
Trinucleotide sequence of DNA or RNA which corresponds to a specific amino acid
Use codon wheel to find out which amino acid is being referred to
Truncated protein
Required for blood clotting
Gene
Unit of heredity. Sequence of nucelotides in DNA which encode the synthesis of a gene product (protein or RNA molecule)
Still being refined
Smallest = Testis Determining Factor (TDF)
Largest = Dystrophin (DMD) X chromosome
Protein Functions
Enxymes
Messengers (hormones, transmit signals, process coordination in cells, tissues, organs)
structural support (cells/movement)
Transport/storage
Amino acids properties
Different from between amino acids
Size, polarity, pH, hydrophobic/philic
Endoplasmic reticulum
Protein folding and discrimination
Ribosomes transport in
Correctly folded proteins leave through the Golgi for distribution (Protein processing)
Misfolded proteins removed and broken down and recycled, when detected
Alzheimer’s disease
Energy levels increases from folded to unfolded
Amyloid precursor protein has important role in the brain
Misfolding of amyloids implicated in Alzheimer’s disease
Occurs when protein misfolding not detected
Coding region parts
Promoter
TATA box
Enhancers
Silencer
Also intron and exon regions, which, following splicing, provide the reading frame for translation
Coding region parts
Promoter
TATA box
Enhancers
Silencer
Also intron and exon regions, which, following splicing, provide the reading frame for translation
