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South Africa 1948-59 - The response to Apartheid > Codifying and Implementing Apartheid (1948-59) > Flashcards

Codifying and Implementing Apartheid (1948-59) Flashcards

1
Q

What were the main two aims of the new government?

A
  • To impose white supremacy through an all-embracing system of Apartheid.
  • To end political ties with Britain and form a republic.
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2
Q

Define Grand Apartheid

A

The overall strategy of keeping the different races separated as much as possible; for example by ensuring that they lived in different areas.

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3
Q

Define Petty Apartheid

A

The day to day restrictions, such as separate facilities, for example public amenities and transport waiting rooms. Many Africans found this more wearying than grand apartheid.

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4
Q

What was patronage?

A

When those in important positions e.g. in government appointed people they favoured. This often happened when government officials retired and Afrikaners were replaced into their position.

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5
Q

How was patronage justified?

A

This was often justified by the idea that government officials should be bilingual.

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6
Q

How many head of government departments were English speakers by 1959?

A

6/40

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7
Q

How did the Broederbond become more influential?

A

All National Party members were expected to maintain close ties with it and its policies were becoming effectively government thinking.

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8
Q

How did the National Party create an extension of voters?

A

Created six new seats in South West Africa (Namibia) where residents were expected to vote for the nationalists.

These new constituencies had between 9,000 and 12,000 voters while the average constituency was 24,000. This meant that the new constituencies had about twice as many voters as they would normally be entitled to.

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9
Q

What was the Separate Representation of Voters Act and when was it signed?

A

1951

Removed all blacks from the electoral votes.

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10
Q

How was the National Party able to pass the Separate Representation of Voters Act?

A

Introduced the Act separately into each house which the United Party successfully contested. After the 1953 election, the NP enlarged their senate from 48 to 89 which meant they then had a majority. The measure became law in 1956.

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11
Q

What was the budget of the Department of Native Affairs in 1960 compared to 1946?

A

1946 = £3,087,000

1960 = 7,205,250

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12
Q

Define Bantusans

A

African homeland or tribal land

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13
Q

Define Genealogy

A

Study of one’s family to identify one’s roots.

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14
Q

What was the Population Registration Act and when was it passed?

A

1950

Designated everyone into an ethnic category and issued them with an identity card. Apartheid policy insisted that these ethnic groups remained separate such as by the use of Bantustans.

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15
Q

What were the 4 ethnic categories?

A

White, Black, Coloured and India

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16
Q

When was the Population Registration Act amended and what did these do?

A

1964 & 1967

Placed a greater emphasis on genealogy to prevent light-skinned members of other groups from passing themselves off as white.

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17
Q

What was Soweto?

A

An acronym for South WesternTownships (African townships on the edge of Johannesburg)

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18
Q

Define Africanist

A

Refers to Africanism, the policy of black Africans to fight against apartheid without help from other groups.

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19
Q

What were the Prohibition of Mixed Marriages Act and Immorality Act and when were they passed?

A

1949

Made marriage between Europeans and non-Europeans illegal as well as sexual relations

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20
Q

What was significant about Sophiatown and what happened in 1955?

A

The only place in South Africa where blacks were allowed to own property and there were Indians as well as whites who had lived there before it was designated an African area making it multi-ethnic.

After the Group Areas Act, non-Europeans were evicted from the area which the government stated was because different ethnic groups couldn’t live alongside each other even there was no evidence of significant conflict between races in Sophiatown.

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21
Q

What was the population of Sophia town and what was the population density?

A

60,000 and 150 people per acre

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22
Q

What percentage of dwellings in Sophiatown were slums?

A

70%

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23
Q

What was the Group Areas Act and when was it passed?

A

1950

Allowed the government to designate certain areas to one particular ethnic group and forcibly evict people who were not part of that group.

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24
Q

How many people were evicted between 1951-86 due to the Group Areas Act?

A

3.5 million

1 million were forced from urban to bantustans

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25
Q

What was Sophiatown renamed to and why was this significant?

A

Triumf

Insulting to non-whites as it stated powerful government assertion and oppression.

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26
Q

What was the Bantu Authorities Act Passed and when was it passed?

A

1951

Re-iterated the assertion that the home areas were for Africans and the only place that they were entitled to live were tribal areas.

27
Q

When was the Native Representative Council formed?

A

1936

28
Q

When was the Native Representative Council abolished and why?

A

1951

Africans were now viewed as foreigners and were governed by tribal leaders appointed by the government

29
Q

What was the Native Laws Amendment Act (also known as Abolition of Passes and Co-ordination of Documents Act) and when was it passed?

A

1952

It standardised the use of passes by Africans through South Africa by abolishing passes and replacing them with reference books.

30
Q

What were the terms of the Native Laws Amendment Act?

A
  • All Africans had to carry their reference book at all times. Included all men and women who had previously been excluded from pass laws.
  • Neither African men nor women could remain in urban areas for more than 70 hours after their pass expired.
  • No African could live permanently in an urban area unless they were born there, had lived there for 15 years or had been with the same employer for 10 years.
  • National reference books replaced regional ones. The pass contained a photograph, employment record and personal details such as marital status.
  • It was illegal not to carry reference book.
31
Q

How many arrests and convictions were there in the 1950s for not carrying reference books?

A

968,593 arrests and 861,269 convictions

32
Q

What were mission schools?

A

Schools run by various churches to educate African children

33
Q

What was the Bantu Education Act and when was it passed?

A

1953

The reform of the education system for Africans led by Verwoerd which focused on black history and limited the curriculum to focus on functional and industrial skills.

34
Q

In 1945 (pre-NP victory) how many African schools were mission and state schools?

A

4360 mission and 260 government school

35
Q

How much more did the government spend on white education than African education in 1945?

A

16 times more

36
Q

What percentage of African children attended schools in 1945?

A

Less than 33%

37
Q

What was the Eiselen report?

A

A report led by Eiselen (expert on native affairs and anthropologist) which investigated African education and made recommendations for how to develop it. Argued that Africans were harmed by western culture and would best develop as a group of people within their own pastoral traditions.

38
Q

When was Verwoerd appointed as Minister of Native Affairs?

A

1950

39
Q

When did Verwoerd become prime minister?

A

1958

40
Q

Define miscegenation

A

Mixing of different racial groups through marriage and sexual relations.

41
Q

What were the main terms of the Bantu Education Act?

A
  • Removal of control of African education from the Ministry of Education to the Ministry of Native Affairs e.g. now had to manage 26,000 more African teachers
  • End to subsidies for mission schools which forced many to close.
  • Expansion to government-run system and setting a limit to the vocational based curriculum.
42
Q

Who are Seventh Day Adventists?

A

A religious group that sees Saturday as the Sabbath.

43
Q

What are pickets?

A

A method of protest where groups of people gather to stop people from going into a local institution or a location.

44
Q

What was betterment?

A

Government driven improvements in agriculture and living conditions such as homelands.

45
Q

Which university admitted African students?

A

Fort Hare

46
Q

What was the Extension of Universities Act and when was it passed?

A

1959

Banned English-language universities from accepting African students.

47
Q

Who was Robert Sobukwe?

A

Africanist who became president of the Pan-African Congress and was employed to teach African studies at the University of Witwatersrand. He spent the last 16 years of his life either imprisoned or under house arrest.

48
Q

When was the Tomlinson report released?

A

1956

49
Q

What points did the Tomlinson Report reassert?

A
  • Homelands could never support more than 2/3 of their population and advised more land to be allocated.
  • Policies of betterment be developed to combat problems such as soil erosion. Estimated that this would cost at least £100 million
  • The agricultural workforce should be reduced. Industrial concerns could be developed just outside the borders and town within it so that homeland residents could commute for employment.
50
Q

What was the Cold War?

A

Hostility between the USA and USSR in the post-Second World War era. Manifested itself in methods such as propaganda and gaining allies through economic ais.

51
Q

What were banning orders?

A

Measures restricting one’s movements, limiting one to a certain specifically defined area or house arrest.

52
Q

What was the Bantu Self-government Act and when was it passed?

A

1959

Eight self-governing homelands were established in which blacks were forced to be citizens. By making these homelands ‘independent’ then white people could officially become the largest ethnic group according to South African statistics.

53
Q

What was the Suppression of Communism Act and when was it passed?

A

1950

The government believed that communist agitators were behind the majority of Apartheid protests. By fighting against communism then South Africa could be seen as by western countries, especially the USA as an ally.

54
Q

How was communism defined by the South African government?

A

Any scheme aimed ‘at bringing bout any political, social and economic change within the union by the promotion of disturbance and disorder’.

55
Q

What was the Public Safety Act and when was it passed?

A

1953

Allowed the government to call a state of emergency for twelve months initially, with powers to renew it indefinitely.

56
Q

What was the Criminal Amendment Act and when was it passed?

A

1953

Stated that anyone accompanying a person found guilty of a crime would automatically be assumed guilty as well and would have to prove their innocence.

57
Q

What were the Censorship Acts and when were they passed?

A

1955 and 1956

Censored any criticism of the government in reports and literature that were being imported into South Africa.

58
Q

What was the Riotous Assembly Act and when was it passed?

A

1956

Outlawed any meeting which might engender hostility between races, and prevented any ‘banned’ persons from addressing public meetings.

59
Q

In what years did the Treason Trial take place?

A

1956-61

60
Q

What is high treason?

A

Plotting to overthrow the state.

61
Q

How many people from the People’s congress meeting were arrested for high treason?

A

156

62
Q

What was the People’s congress?

A

A meeting of all races which was held in Kliptown in Jube 1955 where a Freedom Charter was created and read out which addressed the long term goals of achieving a free and equal country.

63
Q

When was the People’s Congress?

A

1955

South Africa 1948-59 - The response to Apartheid (4 decks)

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