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Ge0graphy > coasts EQ1 > Flashcards

coasts EQ1 Flashcards

1
Q

different players for the coast

A 
residents
tourists
environmental groups
businesses
fishing
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2
Q

biological factors

A

vegetation cover - protects and stabilises cliff face

biological weathering

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3
Q

geological factors

A

rock type - influences resistance to erosion
dip of rocks
relief of the land

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4
Q

geomorphological factors

A

fetch of waves
type of wave
type of beach material
sea depth

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5
Q

human factors

A

cliff top development

cliff defences - adding material to beaches

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6
Q

hydrological factors

A

ground water conditions

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7
Q

meteorogical factors

A 
frequency of storms 
aspects of cliff
wind
temp range
rainfall amounts
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8
Q

the littoral zone

A

zone of transition between the land and the sea. the zone is constantly changing because of the dynamic interaction between seas oceans and land.

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9
Q

backshore

A

inner portion of the shore . weathering + mass movement is here

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10
Q

foreshore

A

area between low and high tides . attacked by currents and waves . most natural processes - erosion and deposition

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11
Q

nearshore

A

shallow water area near land where waves steepen and break

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12
Q

offshore

A

zone after nearshore

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13
Q

low energy coast

A 
East Anglian coast 
calmer conditions
beaches, spits, sand dunes, bars, mudflats
less powerful constructive waves
shorts fetch 
deposition and transport
longshore drift
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14
Q

high energy coast

A 
Scotland Atlantic coast 
storm condition
cliffs, wave-cut platform, arches, stacks
powerful destructive waves
long fetches
erosion and transportation
rocky landscape
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15
Q

lithology

A 
the physical characteristics of rocks 
- strata 
-bedding planes
-joints 
-folds
........
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16
Q

strata

A

layers of rock

17
Q

bedding planes

A

natural breaks in strata caused by gaps in time during periods of rock formation - horizontal cracks

18
Q

joints

A

formed by pressure during tectonic activity making rock crumple and buckle

19
Q

faults

A

formed when the stress or pressure , exceeds its internal strength = fracture. the fault then slips or moves along planes

20
Q

dip

A

this refers to the angle at which rock strata lie

21
Q

chemical weathering

A

carbonation carbonic acid reacts with minerals in rock

oxidisation- reacts with metallic elements

22
Q

physical weathering

A

freeze-thaw

pressure release

23
Q

biological weathering

A

growing plants

burrowing animals

24
Q

igneous

A

resistant and impermeable - granite

25
Q

sedimentary

A

formed in strata - permeable - porous - limestone , chalk

26
Q

metamorphic

A

very hard and resistant - impermeable

27
Q

unconsolidated materials

A

are loose and easily eroded

28
Q

factors affecting rock erosion

A

high energy wave
absence of a beach
rising sea levels
coastal defences along coast

29
Q

fissures

A

smaller cracks in rocks that erosion can exploit

30
Q

plant succession

steps

A

1 pioneer species colonises bare ground
2 pioneer species adds nutrients when they die and decay
3 changes allow other plant species to grow they help keep moisture in sand
4 new invaders modify environment by providing shade , improve soil
5 different species colonise until it becomes stable
6 CLIMAX COMMUNITY - trees

31
Q

psammosere

A

when a succession of a plant growth occurs from colonisation of bare sand to climax vegetation

32
Q

coastal dunes require

A

supply of sand
a drying prevailing wind
vegetation
obstacles to trap the sand

33
Q

salt marshes

A

flat area of flat silty sediments that accumulate around estuaries or lagoons

  • develop in sheltered areas
  • where salt and fresh water meets
  • no strong tides or currents
34
Q

halophytes

A

plants that tolerate salty conditions

35
Q

creeks

A

divide up salt marshes

36
Q

plant succession definiton

A

cumulative change in types of plant species that occupy a given area . involving colonization , establishment and extinction

37
Q

value of salt marshes

A 
grazing 
stores carbon
natural coastal defence
filters and purifies water
recreation
38
Q

characteristics of salt marshes

A

dynamic place changes with tide

mudflats and salt marshes transition to woodlands

Ge0graphy (3 decks)

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