coasts EQ1

Question 1

different players for the coast

Answer 1

residents
tourists
environmental groups
businesses
fishing

Question 2

biological factors

Answer 2

vegetation cover - protects and stabilises cliff face

biological weathering

Question 3

geological factors

Answer 3

rock type - influences resistance to erosion
dip of rocks
relief of the land

Question 4

geomorphological factors

Answer 4

fetch of waves
type of wave
type of beach material
sea depth

Question 5

human factors

Answer 5

cliff top development

cliff defences - adding material to beaches

Question 6

hydrological factors

Answer 6

ground water conditions

Question 7

meteorogical factors

Answer 7

frequency of storms 
aspects of cliff
wind
temp range
rainfall amounts

Question 8

the littoral zone

Answer 8

zone of transition between the land and the sea. the zone is constantly changing because of the dynamic interaction between seas oceans and land.

Question 9

backshore

Answer 9

inner portion of the shore . weathering + mass movement is here

Question 10

foreshore

Answer 10

area between low and high tides . attacked by currents and waves . most natural processes - erosion and deposition

Question 11

nearshore

Answer 11

shallow water area near land where waves steepen and break

Question 12

offshore

Answer 12

zone after nearshore

Question 13

low energy coast

Answer 13

East Anglian coast 
calmer conditions
beaches, spits, sand dunes, bars, mudflats
less powerful constructive waves
shorts fetch 
deposition and transport
longshore drift

Question 14

high energy coast

Answer 14

Scotland Atlantic coast 
storm condition
cliffs, wave-cut platform, arches, stacks
powerful destructive waves
long fetches
erosion and transportation
rocky landscape

Question 15

lithology

Answer 15

the physical characteristics of rocks 
- strata 
-bedding planes
-joints 
-folds
........

Question 16

strata

Answer 16

layers of rock

Question 17

bedding planes

Answer 17

natural breaks in strata caused by gaps in time during periods of rock formation - horizontal cracks

Question 18

joints

Answer 18

formed by pressure during tectonic activity making rock crumple and buckle

Question 19

faults

Answer 19

formed when the stress or pressure , exceeds its internal strength = fracture. the fault then slips or moves along planes

Question 20

dip

Answer 20

this refers to the angle at which rock strata lie

Question 21

chemical weathering

Answer 21

carbonation carbonic acid reacts with minerals in rock

oxidisation- reacts with metallic elements

Question 22

physical weathering

Answer 22

freeze-thaw

pressure release

Question 23

biological weathering

Answer 23

growing plants

burrowing animals

Question 24

igneous

Answer 24

resistant and impermeable - granite

Question 25

sedimentary

Answer 25

formed in strata - permeable - porous - limestone , chalk

Question 26

metamorphic

Answer 26

very hard and resistant - impermeable

Question 27

unconsolidated materials

Answer 27

are loose and easily eroded

Question 28

factors affecting rock erosion

Answer 28

high energy wave absence of a beach rising sea levels coastal defences along coast

Question 29

fissures

Answer 29

smaller cracks in rocks that erosion can exploit

Question 30

plant succession | steps

Answer 30

1 pioneer species colonises bare ground 2 pioneer species adds nutrients when they die and decay 3 changes allow other plant species to grow they help keep moisture in sand 4 new invaders modify environment by providing shade , improve soil 5 different species colonise until it becomes stable 6 CLIMAX COMMUNITY - trees

Question 31

psammosere

Answer 31

when a succession of a plant growth occurs from colonisation of bare sand to climax vegetation

Question 32

coastal dunes require

Answer 32

supply of sand a drying prevailing wind vegetation obstacles to trap the sand

Question 33

salt marshes

Answer 33

flat area of flat silty sediments that accumulate around estuaries or lagoons - develop in sheltered areas - where salt and fresh water meets - no strong tides or currents

Question 34

halophytes

Answer 34

plants that tolerate salty conditions

Question 35

creeks

Answer 35

divide up salt marshes

Question 36

plant succession definiton

Answer 36

cumulative change in types of plant species that occupy a given area . involving colonization , establishment and extinction

Question 37

value of salt marshes

Answer 37

``` grazing stores carbon natural coastal defence filters and purifies water recreation ```

Question 38

characteristics of salt marshes

Answer 38

dynamic place changes with tide | mudflats and salt marshes transition to woodlands