Coasts Case Studies Flashcards

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1
Q

Transect of Psammosere in Studland, Dorset

A

PIONEER STAGE: Seeds blown by wind, sand soaks quickly
BUILDING STAGE: Extremophiles bind sand with roods, rot to humus which makes the sand more nutritious- plants colonise (Marram grass)
FINAL STAGE: Larger plants and more complex species grow, earlier plants out competed for water and light
dune slack appear when water table uncovered, water tolerant plants grow
VEGETATION STABILISE SEDIMENT: Plants provide protective layer over sand and bind together further

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2
Q

How long does it take for a sand dune sequence to develope

A

50-100 yrs

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3
Q

Population of Osaka, Japan

A

over 2.5 million people

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4
Q

Economic assets of Osaka

A

$200 Billion

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5
Q

Dangers faced in Osaka

A

Frequent storm surges and Typhoons,

Sea level rise of 3.3 feet puts 4.1 million more at risk of flooding

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6
Q

Sea level rise in New Zealand

A

Hawks Bay- $14 billion worth of infrastructure

10m sea level rise- 40% of population at risk

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7
Q

Maldives population

A

400 000

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8
Q

Major industry in maldives

A

90% of government money from tourism taxes

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9
Q

Highest land point in Maldives

A

2.4m

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10
Q

Key problems in Maldives

A

1) Coral reef destruction- removal of natural buffer
2) Wave erosion- 80-90% of islands affected
3) Fresh water shortages- Salt water contamination
4) Dwindling fish stock- 40% decrease in tuna stock

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11
Q

Maldives adaptation and mitigation to sea level rise

A

Carbon neutral action 2020
Wind farms + solar panels
Abandoning most at risk islands, building upwards

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12
Q

Strategies for sea level rise in Mediterranean and their problems

A

Dam from Gibralter rock to Morocco, 1200 ft above sea level, costing $275 Billion
2ft of water evaporates per year in the Med
Dam stops flow of water from Atlantic, creating a stagnant salt water lake

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13
Q

The problem for Netherlands

A

1/2 of land below seas level after land reclamation,
6 dams and 4 storm surge barriers reduce flood risk
Plans for potential floating cities to help adapt to sea level rise

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14
Q

Problems caused by sea level rise in India

A

£20 billion income at risk

intensified typhoons in Mumbai

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15
Q

Threats of sea level rise in florida

A

Coastal powerplant at risk at 4ft rise
Fresh water contamination risk at 5ft rise
Porous geology means water intrusion is easier
Complex levee system is not a long term solution and very expensive

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16
Q

Storm surges in New Orleans Hurricane Katrina

A

Levee system and sea wall overwhelmed, failed in 50 places despite $15 billion investment in strengthening it
New designe still only cope with current storm surge heights, which are projected to increase

17
Q

How is the Nile Delta built up

A

Flocculationcaused by contacts between salt and fresh water causing deposition

18
Q

How long is the Nile Delta and why is it important

A

25 000 km, home to 40 million people

Egypt only economic source

19
Q

What is causing the problem in the Nile Delta

A

Fish farming increased 13%
High Ashwan dam causing deterioration of coatal lagoons, loss of wetlands
Farmers deconstructing sand dunes

20
Q

What is the problem in the Nile Delta

A

1/5 of Delta vunerable to salt water intrusion, coastal retreat of 2.7km^2
Estimated sea rise of 84cm this century
Salt water intrusion, coastal erosion

21
Q

Number of Kiribati atolls (coral islands)

A

33, 31/33 inhabited

22
Q

Population of Kiribati and average income

A

116 00 people, $1685 GDP per capita- population facing cultural extinction

23
Q

Kiribati average height above sea level

A

6m above sea level

24
Q

Major problems in Kiribati

A

Fresh water contamination- 1 wave could contaminate all water systems in capital for 2 yrs

25
Q

Kiribati adaptation strategies

A

“Migrating with dignity” government sending people for training in australia so they aree prepared when they leave
Tuna reserve not exploited as a political statement about sacrifices made for social gain

26
Q

What are they doing in Java

A

Mangrove removal for the sake of agricultural development- removal of natural buffer
Mangroves reduce height of wave by 40% in 100m
Stabalise and trap sediment

27
Q

How many people are at risk of flooding in Java

A

3000 villages

28
Q

Characteristics of Lulworth Cove

A

Concordant coastline
Chalk and clay/ limestone
Fractures and fissures