Coasts - Booklet 1

Question 1

Order of littoral zone

Answer 1

ONFB (offshore, near shore, foreshore and back shore)

Question 2

In which part of the littoral zone do most wave processes happen?

Answer 2

Foreshore

Question 3

Define dynamic equilibrium

Answer 3

Is a state where inputs and outputs are completely balanced

Question 4

Give 3 examples of coastal inputs

Answer 4

• Kinetic energy
• Material weathered from cliff tops
• River sediment

Question 5

Give 3 examples of coastal outputs

Answer 5

• Erosional landforms
• Wind erosion
• Evaporation

Question 6

Give 3 examples of coastal throughputs/stores

Answer 6

• LSH
• Sand dunes
• Beach sediment

Question 7

Name 3 examples of marine erosion

Answer 7

Attrition(rock vs rock), abrasion (rolling of rocks along the bed) and hydraulic action (smashing)

Question 8

Name 2 examples of wind transport

Answer 8

Saltation (When the river doesn’t have sufficient energy to carry rocks so they drop it) and suspension

Question 9

Outline the characteristics of a low energy coast line

Answer 9

• Weak constructive waves
• Short fetch
• Deposition and transport
• Spits, salt marshes and dunes
• E.g Mediterranean sea coasts

Question 10

Outline the characteristics of a high energy coast line

Answer 10

• Strong destructive waves
• Long fetch
• Erosion and transport
• mass movement + weathering
• E.g Atlantic coasts of Norway + Scotland

Question 11

What is meant by the terms “lithology” and “geology”

Answer 11

Lithology is a branch of geology, it describes the physical characteristics of rocks; Geology is the study of the earth.

Question 12

Outline 4 factors that influence the morphology of coastal landscapes

Answer 12

• Lithology (characteristics of rocks)
• Rock structure
• Relief/slope of land
• Permeability

Question 13

What are the 3 main types of lithology (rocks)?

Answer 13

• Metamorphic (Marble)
• Sedimentary (Sandstone)
• igneous (Granite)

Question 14

Outline the differed between coherent and incoherent rocks

Answer 14

Coherent rocks are strong, resistant to erosion, have few lines of weakness and have strong bonds . Incoherent rocks are the complete polar opposite.

Question 15

Name 5 types of characteristics of cliffs that can influence their structure

Answer 15

• Joints: which are fractures that could of possibly happened due to cooling
• Dip: which is the angle of inclination of the cliff towards the sea
• Faults: which is major fracture due to pressure
• ## Bedding planes: which refers to how tilted the cliff is

Question 16

Give an example of a place where rates of erosion are high vs low

Answer 16

Holderness coast (1-10m/yr) and Cornwall (1mm/yr)