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Geography > Coasts > Flashcards

Coasts Flashcards

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1
Q

Constructive waves

A

Deposit beach material. They form in calm conditions with light winds. The waves are relative to hight. Swash is stronger than backwash.

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2
Q

Swash

A

Wave surging up a beach

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3
Q

Backwash

A

Wave washing back down a beach

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4
Q

Hydraulic power

A

The force of the waves clashing into cliffs. air trapped in cracks is compressed fracturing the rock

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5
Q

Solution

A

Rocks containing calcium carbonate are slowly dissolved by acidic water

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6
Q

Attrition

A

Pebbles are rolled backwards and forwards by waves. As they rub against each other that slowly wore away

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7
Q

Abrasion

A

Sand and pebbles are thrown against cliffs by breaking waves wearing them away (sandpaper affect)

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8
Q

Traction

A

Boulders and cobbles are rolled along by powerful waves

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9
Q

Saltation

A

Pedals and sand are bounced around

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10
Q

Suspension

A

Slit and clayplay are suspended in moving seawater

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11
Q

Destructive waves

A

Remove beach material. Backwash is stronger than swash. They form in stormy conditions with high winds. The waves are high relative to length

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12
Q

Solution

A

Minerals are dissolved in seawater

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13
Q

Longshore drift

A

The movement of beach material along a coast

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14
Q

Sliding

A

Blocks of rock or loose material slide rapidly down a slope

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15
Q

Slumping

A

A mass of soil, or clay, slides downwards along a curved slip plane forming a scar on the upslope of a toe on the downslope

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16
Q

Hard engineering

A

Refers to the use of structures or machinery to control natural processes.
E.g Sea walls
Groynes
Rock armour

17
Q

Soft engineering

A

Working with the environment to modify and/or prepare for natural processes.
E.g. Beach nourishment
Dune regeneration
Marsh creation (managed retreat)

18
Q

Sea walls

A
  • Hard engineering
  • Concrete walls
  • Designed to reflect wave energy
  • Prevent flooding
19
Q

Groynes

A
  • hard engineering
  • wooden barriers built across a beach to trap sand and pebbles transported by longshore drift.
  • beach absorbs wave energy
20
Q

Rock armour

A
  • hard engineering
  • large boulders of resistant rock placed at the base of cliffs to prevent erosion
  • undercutting and cliff collapse
21
Q

Beach nourishment

A
  • soft engineering
  • beach material lost through longshore drift is replaced with material from further along the coast or with material dredged from the seabed
22
Q

Dune regeneration

A
  • soft engineering
  • sand dunes are damaged by walkers and picnickers
  • areas of sand dunes are fenced off to allow them to re-grow naturally
23
Q

Marsh creation (managed retreat)

A
  • soft engineering
  • in areas of low economic value the sea is allowed to erode and flood the land.
  • gradually, mud flats, salt marshes and beaches develop, forming natural coastal defences
24
Q

Hard engineering

A

Refers to the use of structures or machinery to control natural processes.
E.g Sea walls
Groynes
Rock armour

25
Q

Soft engineering

A

Working with the environment to modify and/or prepare for natural processes.
E.g. Beach nourishment
Dune regeneration
Marsh creation (managed retreat)

26
Q

Sea walls

A
  • Hard engineering
  • Concrete walls
  • Designed to reflect wave energy
  • Prevent flooding
27
Q

Groynes

A
  • hard engineering
  • wooden barriers built across a beach to trap sand and pebbles transported by longshore drift.
  • beach absorbs wave energy
28
Q

Rock armour

A
  • hard engineering
  • large boulders of resistant rock placed at the base of cliffs to prevent erosion
  • undercutting and cliff collapse
29
Q

Beach nourishment

A
  • soft engineering
  • beach material lost through longshore drift is replaced with material from further along the coast or with material dredged from the seabed
30
Q

Dune regeneration

A
  • soft engineering
  • sand dunes are damaged by walkers and picnickers
  • areas of sand dunes are fenced off to allow them to re-grow naturally
31
Q

Marsh creation (managed retreat)

A
  • soft engineering
  • in areas of low economic value the sea is allowed to erode and flood the land.
  • gradually, mud flats, salt marshes and beaches develop, forming natural coastal defences

Geography (4 decks)

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