Coasts Flashcards
Abrasion
Rock and sand in waves grinds down the cliff
Attrition
Waves knock pebbles together and break them up and smoothen them
Solution
Acid in sea water dissolves rock
LSD
The movement of beach material along the coast by waves which approach at an angle but recede in a straight line
Natural features that shape the coast
- destructive waves
- constructive waves
- discordant coastline
- concordat coastline
- wind
- water depth
Destructive waves
Created in storm conditions
High in energy
Strong backwash and weak awash
Erode coast causing steep beach
Constructive waves
Created in calm weather
Low energy
Strong awash and weak backwash
Build up of coast which deposits material and causes wide flat beach
Discordant coastline
Rock type alternates
Forms headlands as hard rock is eroded less
Forms bays and soft rock erodes more
Concordant coastline
Same type of rock along coastline
When waves attack weak points the outer rock is punctured
Beach material
Shingle- steeper
Sand- gentle profile
Wind
Strong wind moves sand inland and creates sand dunes
Weak wind creates gently sloping beaches e.g. In Brighton
Water depth
Affects speed and strength of waves as they approach shore
Contributes to coast natural environment e.g. Coral reefs will not grow at depths over 50-70n because they need sunlight to photosynthesise
Physical factors affecting coastlines
1) land and location - shape of coastline, relief, rock resistance, beach or no beach
2) weather and climate - rainfall, temp, wind strength, storms
3) sea - wave depth, water level, wave energy, LSD
4) human activity - intervention on natural ecosystems, use of land for development, resource exploitation
Retirement coast
Eastbourne
Resource rich coast
South East Asia
Tourism coast
Benidorm
Industrial coast
Rotterdam
Specialised coast
Gulf coast in Portugal (50% of nations salt marshes)
Coastalisation
The movement of people in coastal areas
How many people live within 40m of the sea?
Over half the worlds population
What is the rate at which costal populations are growing at?
4 times the rate of the global average!
Why do people move to coast?
Equitable climate, fertile soil, flat land, biodiversity, farming, transport and trade, recreation and tourism, fishing
What are coastal development goods?
Goods - products derived directly from marine ecosystems
Dish and meat, building materials, tidal energy, oil and natural gas
What are coastal development services?
Services- benefits people ovarian from coastal ecosystems
Flood and storm protection, recreational opportunities, employment, reads, natural habitats, air purification, water purification
Coastal development timeline
1000- early population attracted by food security and transport
1750- industrialisation bringing prosperity to ports handling raw materials
1800- increased security of coasts encouraging settlement growth
1850- seaside resorts and coastal tourism increases
1930- paid holidays from work give tourism a boost
1950- large scale expansion of ports
1980- growth of water based recreation and rising demand for second coastal jokes
2000- wind and tidal power developed and specialist poets as well as increase recreation
Butlers model stage 1
18 century- fashionable for well off people to go to seaside for holiday and health benefits
Butlers model stage 2
1849 railway built so town flourishes
Butlers model stage 3
1872 pier built and in next 10 years large hotels built like cavendish and grand as well as theatres and bandstand
Butlers model stage 4
Same as stage 3
Butlers model stage 5
Bombing during ww2 results in decline of population and growth as well as cheap international flights meaning people go abroad
Butlers model stage 6
Decline resulted in 23% of properties along seafront becoming vacant
Unemployment rates above national average
Rejuvenation leads to development of soverign harbour and £10m restoration of grand hotel
Why have coastal resorts declined?
Carrying capacity reached Cheaper flights abroad People have longer holidays so travel further away Poor enviro quality Lack of investment
What are the impacts of coastal resort decline?
Higher unemployment Building and land degradation Lower living standards No investment Alcoholics violence etc
Hydraulic action
Air is trapped in the joints in cliffs so when the wave breaks the air is compressed and weakens and erodes the cliff
SSSI
Countries best wildlife and geological sites to support plants and wildlife that find it difficult to survive in wider countrysides
AONB
Area of outstanding natural beauty
- landscape with distinct character
Secured by law
Led by local authorities
NNR
National nature reserves
- many if finest wildlife and geological sites
Established to protect sensitive features and provide outdoor labs for research
Managed by natural England
Coastal erosion
Increased by global warming which increases jet steam which increases sea surface temp which increases risk of storms