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Geography > coasts > Flashcards

coasts Flashcards

1
Q

what are constructive waves?

A

calm, not very tall, deposit material to build the beach, low frequency, deposition, swash stronger than backwash

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2
Q

what are destructive waves?

A

backwash stronger than swash, break down beach, high frequency, tall, erosion

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3
Q

what are the two types of weathering?

A

chemical and mechanical

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4
Q

what happens in chemical weathering?

A

the chemical composition of material changes

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5
Q

what is an example of chemical weathering?

A

acid rain, caused by carbon dioxide dissolving in the atmosphere, the acid rain hits rock and dissolves it

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6
Q

what is the main type of mechanical weathering?

A

freeze-thaw

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7
Q

what happens in freeze-thaw weathering?

A

in cold climates, water enters cracks and freezes, as it freezes the crack expands, meaning it fills with more water and the process repeats

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8
Q

what is weathering?

A

the natural processes that break down rock

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9
Q

what is mass movement?

A

the large movement of soil or rock down a slope or cliff-face

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10
Q

what are the main causes of mass movement?

A

weather, erosion, gravity

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11
Q

what are the three examples of mass movement?

A

rockfalls, sliding, slumping

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12
Q

what happens with rockfalls?

A

when materials crumble and break down the cliff

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13
Q

what happens with sliding?

A

materials move down a slope in a straight line

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14
Q

what happens with slumping?

A

when material moves down a slope at a curve

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15
Q

what are the four erosional processes?

A

hydraulic action, abrasion, attrition, solution

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16
Q

describe what happens with hydraulic action

A

water fills cracks and causes them to expand

17
Q

describe what happens with attrition

A

where different rocks hit against each other and cause each other to get smaller and round

18
Q

describe what happens with abrasion

A

rocks bounce along the sea bed and become smaller as they break apart

19
Q

describe what happens with solution

A

rocks like chalk dissolve in slightly acidic water

20
Q

how are wave-cut platforms formed?

A

destructive waves erode the bottom of cliff, forming a wave-cut notch; the rock above it collapses as it has no support; destructive waves continue to erode, forming another wave-cut notch; more debris falls without any support and the cliff beings to retreat backward

21
Q

where are headlands and bays formed?

A

alternating bands of hard and soft rock

22
Q

what forms at a band of hard rock?

A

headlands

23
Q

what forms at bands of soft rock?

A

bays

24
Q

what landforms form at bands of hard rock?

A

caves, arches and stumps

25
Q

how are caves formed?

A

cracks at headlands are eroded by hydraulic action

26
Q

how are arches formed?

A

caves erode fully from one side to the other

27
Q

how are stacks formed?

A

when the top of an arch falls due to gravity

28
Q

what are the four transportational processes?

A

suspension, saltation, solution, traction

29
Q

what is solution (transportation)?

A

rocks like chalk dissolve in slightly acidic water and are carried

30
Q

what happens in suspension?

A

when insoluble rocks are carried by the water but not dissolved

31
Q

when happens in saltation?

A

small rocks bounce along the bed of the sea, traveling in the direction of water

32
Q

what happens in traction?

A

where large rocks are dragged along the sea bed by the current

33
Q

what is hard engineering?

A

protecting coastlines from erosions using man-made structures

34
Q

what is soft engineering?

A

manipulating natural structure so protect coastlines from erosion

35
Q

where is the holderness coastline located?

A

north-east of England

36
Q

how far does the holderness coastline retreat every year?

A

1-2 metres

Geography (13 decks)

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