Coasts

Question 1

Weathering

Answer 1

Exposed rocks along a coastline are broken down by weathering.

Question 2

Three types of weathering

Answer 2

Physical, Biological, chemical

Question 3

Freeze-thaw weathering

Answer 3

Freeze-thaw weathering occurs when the rocks are permeable or porous. The water enters, freezed and expands, melts and the water goes deeper, and repeats until rock splits

Question 4

Biological weathering

Answer 4

Roots enter small crack in the rocks, at roots grow and the crack expands, rocks break away

Question 5

Chemical weathering

Answer 5

Softer rocks can be dissolved by acids in the water

Question 6

Coastal Processes

Answer 6

Erosion, Transportation, Deposition

Question 7

Two types of waves

Answer 7

Destructive, constructive

Question 8

Destructive waves

Answer 8

Weak swash, strong backwash. Removes material from the beach. Steep and close together (high wave frequency)

Question 9

Constructive waves

Answer 9

Strong swash and weak backwash. Builds up the beach. Low wave frequency

Question 10

Types of Erosion

Answer 10

Hydraulic action, abrasion, attrition, corrosion

Question 11

Hydraulic action

Answer 11

the power of the wave forces water and air into cracks, pressuring the rock to split apart

Question 12

Abrasion

Answer 12

Waves pick up rocks from the seabed and throw them at the cliff

Question 13

Attrition

Answer 13

Rocks in the sea knock against eachother: they break apart to become smaller and rounder

Question 14

Corrosion

Answer 14

salts or chemicals in the water act to dissolve the rocks they touch

Question 15

4 types of Transportation

Answer 15

Solution, suspension, saltation, traction

Question 16

Solution

Answer 16

When minerals are dissolved in sea water- load is not visible

Question 17

Suspension

Answer 17

Small particles like clay and slits are suspended in water flow

Question 18

Saltation

Answer 18

Small pieces of rock or shingle are bounced along the sea bed

Question 19

Traction

Answer 19

where pebbles and larger material are rolled along the sea bed

Question 20

Longshore drift

Answer 20

The moving of sediment along the coastline. Waves approach at an angle and then the backwash brings the material straight back down the beach. This causes longshore drift

Question 21

Landforms of coastal erosion

Answer 21

Headlands and bays, cliffs wave-cut notches and platforms, caves arches stacks and stumps

Question 22

Headlands and Bays

Answer 22

Discordant coastlines with different types f rocks erode at different paces. Soft rocks (limestone, clay) erode faster creating a bay, while harder rocks take longer, forming headlands

Question 23

Ciffs, Wave-cut Notches, and Wave-cut Platforms

Answer 23

The base of the cliff erodes in to an undercut, called a wave-cut notch. Overtime the cliff collapses as nothing is holding it up. Where the cliff previously was is now a wave-cut platform

Question 24

Caves

Answer 24

Waves erode a crack in a headland. This crack, overtime, become larger and deeper to form a cave

Question 25

Arches

Answer 25

From a cave, the back erodes all the way to the other side. Thye form a arch

Question 26

Stacks

Answer 26

From an arch, the gap becomes too wide and the roof too heavy so it collapses to form a stack

Question 27

Coastal Deposition

Answer 27

When waves lose energy and can no longer ‘carry’ material, they drop it. They usually drop in similar places so the material builds up and creates a beach

Question 27

Stump

Answer 27

The top of the stack is eroded until it topples over, only leaving the stump

Question 28

Sandspit

Answer 28

Form from sudden coastline direction at a river mouth and where the waves approach at an angle. The current of the river prevents th material from forming all the way across its mouth, forming a sandspit.

Question 29

Sandbars

Answer 29

Sandbars are formed when a gap, such as a bay, has water in it . Longshore drift carrys the material across the gap and eventually joins with the otherside of the bay/gap. The strip of land is called a sandbar with the area behind it being known as a lagoon

Question 30

Social factors

Answer 30

those factors affects people

Question 31

Environmental factors

Answer 31

These factors affect the environment e.g wildlife and the countryside

Question 32

Economic factors

Answer 32

These factors affect jobs and communication

Question 33

Coastal Management

Answer 33

Two different types: Hard and Soft

Question 34

Hard engineering

Answer 34

Building man-made structures to defend the coast e.g. sea walls, rock armour, groynes, gabions

Question 35

Sea walls

Answer 35

Concrete barriers that deflect the waves back to the sea. Also prevents land from flooding. Hardwearing, protective. But expensive and need maintenance

Question 36

Rock Armour

Answer 36

Large rocks or boulder places to absorb energy from waves. Cheap, natural-looking. Need to be replaced

Question 37

Groynes

Answer 37

Barriers built at a 90 angle to the beach that traps sediment. Helps prevent erosion and can attract tourists. Can cause sediment starvation further down the beach