coasts

Question 1

Faulting?

Answer 1

Stress or pressure exceeds the rocks internal strength causing it to fracture. Rock then moves along fault planes

Question 2

Folding?

Answer 2

Pressure during tectonic activity makes the rocks buckle and crumple

Question 3

Jointing?

Answer 3

Vertical cracks caused by contraction (from rocks drying out) or by earths movements during uplift

Question 4

Dip?

Answer 4

Angle that the rock strata lies (horizontal, vertical, sea-ward dip etc)

Question 5

Dalmation Coastline?

Answer 5

Folds formed parallel to coast create concordant coastline. The layers of soft rock have been eroded and flooding creating parallel islands

Question 6

Haff coastline?

Answer 6

Parallel islands to the coast created by sandy bars and lagoons. (low energy coastal environments)

Question 7

Igneous rocks?

Answer 7

Randomly arranged interlocking crystals (formed by magma solidifying)

Question 8

Examples of igneous rocks…

Answer 8

Granite
Diorite
Basalt
Obsidian

Question 9

Sedimentary rocks?

Answer 9

Broken rocks transported and deposited at the bottom of lakes. Builds up layers and is compressed, has weak bedding planes

Question 10

Examples of sedimentary rocks…

Answer 10

Limestone, chalk, sandstone (PERMEABLE)
Shale, clay (IMPERMEABLE)

Question 11

Metamorphic rocks?

Answer 11

Formed from other rocks that are changed under heat and pressure

Question 12

Examples of metamorphic rocks…

Answer 12

Marble
Schist
Slate

Question 13

Igneous recession rates

Answer 13

1mm/year

Question 14

Sedimentary recession rates

Answer 14

Up to 1m/year

Question 15

Metamorphic recession rates

Answer 15

1-3mm/year

Question 16

Wave refraction?

Answer 16

Wave energy converges at headlands and diverges at bays due to the shallower water around headlands creating friction

Question 17

Pros and cons of groynes?

Answer 17

PROS: builds up beach, protects beach and increases tourist potential, cost effective

CONS: ugly, starves areas downwind of sediment

Question 18

Pros and cons of rock armour?

Answer 18

PROS: cost effective

CONS: rocks sourced from elsewhere so do not fit the local geology, hazardous if climbed on

Question 19

offshore breakwater…

Answer 19

…forces waves to break before reaching the shore

PROS: effective

CONS: ugly, hazard for boats, impacts longshore drift

Question 20

HALOPHYTE

Answer 20

salt tolerant

Question 21

XEROPHYTE

Answer 21

tolerant of dry conditions

Question 22

Cliff regrading and drainage…

Answer 22

…makes cliff angle less steep and less vulnerable to collapse

PROS: cost effective

CONS: may look unnatural, can cause cliff to collapse as it is drier

Question 23

Dune stabilisation…

Answer 23

…planting of marram grass

PROS: cost effective and provides habitats

CONS: planting is time consuming

Question 24

Beach nourishment pros and cons?

Answer 24

PROS: builds up beach, protects cliff and increases tourist potential. Cot effective and looks natural

CONS: needs constant maintenance, dredging for sediment may have negative impacts on local coastal habitats

Question 25

What is the littoral zone?

Answer 25

Area of shoreline that is subject to wave action (offshore, nearshore, foreshore, backshore)