Coasts :)

Question 1

What is a discordant coastline

Answer 1

A discordant coastline occurs where bands of different rock types run perpendicular to the coast. The differing resistance to erosion leads to the formation of headlands and bays.

Question 2

What is a concordant coastline

Answer 2

a concordant coastline occurs where rock strata run parallel to the coast. The outer hard rock provides a protective barrier to erosion of the softer rocks further inland. It can create Dalmatian coastlines

Question 3

what are the different types of erosion

Answer 3

• Abrasion
• Hydraulic action
• Attrition
• Solution

Question 4

what are the different types of weathering

Answer 4

• Chemical (Rain and seawater)
• Physical (waves)
• Biological (plant roots)

Question 5

name some erosion landforms

Answer 5

• Stump
• Stack
• Cave
• Arch
• Crack
• Wave cut platform

Question 6

name some LSD and deposition landforms

Answer 6

• Cuspate foreland
• Spit
• Bar
• Tombolo

Question 7

What are sediment cells

Answer 7

A sediment cell consists of zones of erosion transport

Question 8

describe the formation of sand dunes

Answer 8

• Beaches and Sand Supply
  (The main source of sand is the erosion and weathering of rocks and minerals from inland areas, which are then transported by rivers and deposited along the coastline)
• Wind and Sediment Transport
  (As the wind blows across the beach, it picks up and transports loose sand particles, a process known as saltation)
• Obstacles and Deposition
  (When the wind encounters obstacles such as vegetation, rocks, or man-made structures, its speed decreases, and it drops the sand it was carrying. This process is called deposition. Over time, repeated cycles of erosion and deposition cause sand to accumulate in certain areas, forming mounds or ridges known as embryo dunes.)
• Dune Development
  (As sand accumulates, embryo dunes grow and stabilise. Vegetation, such as grasses and other pioneer plants, colonise the dunes, helping to stabilise the sand further by trapping more sand particles and reducing wind speed close to the surface)
• Dune Migration
  (Under the influence of wind, they can migrate or shift their position over time)

Question 9

What is eustatic sea level change

Answer 9

changes to the sea level because of changes in the volume of water

Question 10

What is isostatic sea level change

Answer 10

changes to the sea level due to the rise or fall in land

Question 11

name some emergent landforms

Answer 11

• raised beach
• wave cut platform
• sea cave

Question 12

name some submergent landforms

Answer 12

• ria
• fjord
• dalmatian coastline

Question 13

hard flood defences

Answer 13

• embankments
• flood walls
• storm surge barriers
• groynes

Question 14

soft flood defences

Answer 14

• floodplain restoration
• permeable paving
• beach nourishment
• dune regeneration

Question 15

examples of mass movement

Answer 15

• slumping
• landslides
• rockfall

Question 16

human causes of flooding

Answer 16

• creation of impermeable surfaces in cities/urban areas
• deforestation reduces the amount of water soaked up by trees

Question 17

What are the different rock types

Answer 17

• Igneous
  (formed by solidified magma/lava)
• Sedimentary
  (formed by the accumulation of sediment)
• Metamorphic
  (formed under high pressure/temperature from the transformation of existing rock)

Question 18

What are some mass movement landforms

Answer 18

• rotational scars
• terraced cliff profiles

Question 19

describe how Longshore drift works

Answer 19

Waves approach the coast at an angle. Swash carries sediment up the beach at an angle. Backwash carries sediment down the beach with gravity – at RIGHT ANGLES to the beach.

Question 20

What are destructive waves

Answer 20

waves are formed by a strong wind over a long fetch. they have WEAKER SWASHES THEN BACKWASHES.

Question 21

what are constructive waves

Answer 21

waves are formed by a weaker wind over a shorter fetch. they have WEAKER BACKWASHES THEN SWASHES.

Question 22

describe the formation of salt marshes

Answer 22

Salt marshes are coastal wetlands that are flooded and drained by salt water brought in by the tides. They are marshy because the soil may be composed of deep mud. Constructive waves protected by coastline

Question 23

What is dip

Answer 23

the angle of inclination of the rock strata

Question 24

how can alignment affect coastal erosion

Answer 24

depending on the alignment a coast can erode quicker or slower.

Question 25

what is rock strata

Answer 25

how the rock is arranged. The layers can vary in thickness, composition and age. It can give insights into the geological history of the area.

Question 26

what is the impact that climate change has on coastal flooding

Answer 26

Climate change is exacerbating coastal flood hazards through rising sea levels and more intense storms. The increased frequency and severity of extreme weather events heighten the risk of coastal flooding

Question 27

What are some natural coastal defences

Answer 27

Coastal ecosystems such as mangroves, salt marshes, and sand dunes serve as natural defences against flooding. They act as buffers, absorbing wave energy and reducing the impact of storm surges.

Question 28

What is managed retreat

Answer 28

Managed retreat involves allowing the coastline to naturally change by moving settlements and infrastructure away from vulnerable areas. This strategy acknowledges the long-term threat of coastal flooding and promotes adaptation

Question 29

what is floodplain zoning

Answer 29

Floodplain zoning involves regulating land use in coastal areas prone to flooding. It aims to restrict or prevent the development of high-risk areas and encourages the use of flood-resistant building materials and techniques

Question 30

What are coastal flood forecasting and warning systems

Answer 30

Advanced monitoring technologies, such as tide gauges, satellite imagery, and weather radars, enable the development of coastal flood forecasting and warning systems.