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Y10 GG > Coasts > Flashcards

Coasts Flashcards

1
Q

What is a wave?

A

The movement of wind over water.

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2
Q

What is the fletch?

A

The distance a wave travels.

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3
Q

What does stronger wind mean in terms of the waves?

A

It means that the fletch will be larger and they will have more energy.

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4
Q

Why do waves break?

A

Friction with the sea bed.

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5
Q

What are key features of constructive waves? (4)

A

More deposition (stronger swash than backwash), they slope gently, they go on the beach and are common during summer.

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6
Q

What are key features of destructive waves? (4)

A

More erosion (stronger backwash than swash), they are steep, they create rip currents and are common during winter.

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7
Q

Would a coast with constructive waves or destructive waves recede?

A

A coast with destructive waves would recede because the waves are able to take sediment away because of their strong backwash.

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8
Q

What is attrition?

A

When rocks break down other rocks making them smoother. (erosion)

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9
Q

What is hydraulic action?

A

When air and water gets into the cracks of rocks expanding them. (erosion)

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10
Q

What is abrasion?

A

When rocks are thrown against other rocks by the waves. (erosion)

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11
Q

What is solution? (e)

A

Acidic sea waster dissolving rock. (erosion)

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12
Q

What is suspension?

A

Fine, light material being carried by the sea. (transportation)

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13
Q

What is solution? (t)

A

Minerals being dissolved in the water.

transportation

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14
Q

What is saltation?

A

Small pebbles and stones being bounced along the sea bed. (transportation)

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15
Q

What is traction?

A

Large boulders and rocks being rolled along the sea bed. (transportation)

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16
Q

In what sort of weather conditions would the transportation process occur?

A

Suspension, solution and little saltation would occur in calm weather conditions. Suspension, solution, saltation and traction would occur in stormy weather conditions.

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17
Q

What is mechanical weathering?

A

Rocks being broken up by ice, heat or cold (e.g. freeze-thaw weathering where a crack in a rock fills with water and the water freezes, expands and makes the crack larger.

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18
Q

What is chemical weathering?

A

Rocks reacting with air and water.

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19
Q

Name two sub-aerial processes. (happen on land)

A

Weathering and mass movement.

20
Q

What is weathering?

A

Breaking down of rocks.

21
Q

What is mass movement?

A

Downslope movement of rocks, soil or mud under the influence of gravity. Triggered by heavy rainfall.

22
Q

What are rock falls?

A

Occurs from steep rocky cliffs where cliffs are undercut by marine erosion at their base. They experience weathering at the top of the cliff which weakens the rocks along faults/lines of weakness.

23
Q

What is slumping?

A

A large area of land moving down a slope in a landslide. Leaves behind a curved surface. Common in clay cliffs where clay become saturated easily which weakens it and makes it slip off the slope.

24
Q

What is sliding?

A

Downhill movement of rock, soil and mud. Occurs on steep cliff faces which have become weakened by weathering. Heavy rain infiltrates the soil and causes a heavy mass to slip away along a line of weakness.

25
Q

What is transportation?

A

Movement of sediment through the ocean by wave energy.

26
Q

What is deposition?

A

Sediment being dropped off when waves run out of energy.

27
Q

What is longshore drift?

A

Sediment being moved up the beach in the direction of the prevailing wind by swash. This sediment is transported back down the beach by backwash.

28
Q

What are discordant coastlines?

A

Coastlines where rock layers are arranged perpendicular to the sea. (bays and headlands form here)

29
Q

What are concordant coastlines?

A

Coastlines where rock layers are parallel to the sea. (coves form here)

30
Q

How is a wave cut platform formed?

A

When waves erode the bottom of a cliff making a wave cut notch.

31
Q

How does the length of a wave cut platform depend on the amount of erosion?

A

Longer the platform becomes, longer the area of shallow water where friction will be experienced at the base of the wave meaning that the waves will break before the cliff base.

32
Q

How are caves, arches, stack and stumps formed? (7 steps)

A
  1. Large crack opened up by hydraulic action.
  2. Crack grows into a cave by hydraulic action and abrasion.
  3. Cave becomes larger.
  4. Cave breaks through the headland forming an arch.
  5. Arch is eroded and collapsed.
  6. This leaves a tall rock stack.
  7. The stack is eroded forming a stump.
33
Q

How is a blowhole formed?

A

A fault line in the rock causes erosion to happen faster in a certain area. Water pushes through and forms a tunnel in the cliff which leads to the surface. Whenever there is a wave, it is pushed out the top and spurts out.

34
Q

Where does deposition occur? (four places)

A

Areas with constructive waves, large amount of sediment, large beach and groynes.

35
Q

What is a beach?

A

A landform of coastal deposition that lies between high and low tide levels. Most are formed of sand, shingles and pebbles, as well as mud and silt.

36
Q

What are features of pebbly beaches? (7)

A
  1. Larger sediment.
  2. Destructive waves.
  3. High energy waves.
  4. Stronger backwash than swash.
  5. Graded deposition.
  6. Narrower.
  7. Off shore bars.
37
Q

What are features of sandy beaches? (7)

A
  1. Smaller sediment.
  2. Constructive waves.
  3. Low energy waves.
  4. Stronger swash than backwash.
  5. No graded deposition.
  6. Wider.
  7. Sand dunes.
38
Q

What are features of summer beaches? (2)

A
  1. More constructive waves.

2. More deposition.

39
Q

What are features of winter beaches? (2)

A
  1. More destructive waves.

2. More erosion.

40
Q

What is a sand dune and how does it form?

A

Accumulation of sand grains typically formed by objects such as dead birds, vegetation and wood.

41
Q

How does sand move and when is it deposited?

A

Through suspension in the air, saltation and surface creep when there is a drop in wind velocity.

42
Q

What are the criteria for a sand dune to form? (5)

A

Lots of loose sediment, large area for sand to accumulate, wide beach, high wind conditions and space at the back of the beach.

43
Q

Explain why there is more vegetation further inland in a coastal sand dune environment.

A

There is more freshwater inland compared to by the coast because that water is salty. This means that more plants are able to grow and they can become taller and more diversified. This will create lots of organic matter which will help new plants to grow. For this reason, there is more vegetation further inland.

44
Q

How is a bar formed?

A

LSD transports sediment along the coastline until it reaches a change in coastline direction, such as a bay. Material is deposited eventually enclosing the bay to form a bar.

45
Q

What is a spit?

A

A spit is a ridge of deposited material that extends out to sea beyond a headland.

46
Q

What are some advantages of hard engineering?

A

More effective.

47
Q

What are some advantages of soft engineering?

A

Blends in with the natural environment, doesn’t damage habitats and relatively cheap.

Y10 GG (2 decks)

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