Coastal Management

Question 1

What are the three aims of coastal management

Answer 1

Protecting the coastline from erosion
Protecting the coastline from flooding (seawater)
Conserving fragile environments

Question 2

What three factors are taken into consideration when developing a sustainable management scheme

Answer 2

Environmental
Economic
Social

Question 3

What does environmental sustainability suggest

Answer 3

Conserving coastal ecosystems, reducing or preventing pollution of the coastline and maintaining the aesthetic appeal of coastal areas

Question 4

What does economic sustainability suggest

Answer 4

Ensuring coastal communities are able to maintain or improve their standard of living
Maintaining the source of income
Making sure the scheme isn’t to expensive

Question 5

What does social sustainability suggest

Answer 5

Maintaining coastal communities by maintaining or improving quality of life
Social needs listened to and met

Question 6

What does sustainable management implie

Answer 6

That the strategies involved should not just work in the present but also in the future ideally with the minimum maintenance

Question 7

What is a holistic approach

Answer 7

Where all the physical and human factors are taken into account is now considered the best way forward

Question 8

What is a SMP

Answer 8

Shoreline management plan which is drawn up for every stretch of coastline in England and Wales

Question 9

What does SMP stand for

Answer 9

Shoreline management plan

Question 10

What are the four coastal options in shoreline management schemes

Answer 10

No active intervention
Hold the existing defence line
Managed realignment
Advance the line

Question 11

What is cost benefit analysis

Answer 11

Seeing if the costs outweigh the benefits

Question 12

In the cost benefit analysis what does the costs refer to

Answer 12

Usually economic (how much it will cost) - social and environmental costs also calculated

Question 13

In cost benefit analysis what does benefits refer to

Answer 13

The value of the land, business and properties that are being protected

Question 14

What is hard engineering

Answer 14

Large solid structures to absorb or reflect the energy of the waves

Question 15

What is soft engineering

Answer 15

Working with nature to protect the coast by enhancing the natural, protective process

Question 16

What type of engineering is cheaper

Answer 16

Soft engineering

Question 17

Define breakwater

Answer 17

A parable are in to see to protect the coast or harbour from the force of waves

Question 18

What are the advantages of a break water

Answer 18

Reduces the effects of erosion
Offers recreational opportunities
Still habitat access

Question 19

What are the disadvantages of a break water

Answer 19

Not always effective
New set of environmental dangers
Do not provide emergency protection

Question 20

Define riprap

Answer 20

Human place to rock armour to protect the shoreline from erosion

Question 21

How does rip rap work

Answer 21

Absorbs wave erosion

Question 22

What is an advantage of rip rap

Answer 22

Office and easy to use methods for decreasing water velocity and protecting slopes from erosion and has a wide surface area

Question 23

What is the disadvantage of rip rap

Answer 23

More expensive than vegetated slopes - costs $50 per tonne

Question 24

What are sea walls made out of

Answer 24

Concrete

Question 25

Is a sea wall hard or soft engineering

Answer 25

Hard

Question 26

What are the advantages of a curved sea wall

Answer 26

Concave structures introduces a dissipating element Curve prevents waves overtopping wall They re direct most of the incident energy

Question 27

What are the disadvantages of a curved sea wall

Answer 27

More complex engineering process | Deflected waves can scour material at the base of wall causing it to become undermined

Question 28

How much does a curved sea wall cost per km

Answer 28

6 million

Question 29

What is an example of a curved sea wall

Answer 29

Under the cliff wall in Brighton

Question 30

What are the advantages of a verticle sea wall

Answer 30

Easily designed and constructed Deflects wave energy Loose rubble absorbs energy

Question 31

What are the disadvantages of a verticle sea wall

Answer 31

Can suffer expansive damage in a short time period | Verticle design means it can be undercut by Hugh wave energy

Question 32

How much does verticle sea wall cost per linear meter

Answer 32

£5000 - £10 000

Question 33

What is an example of a verticle sea wall

Answer 33

Hornsea

Question 34

What is cliff regarding

Answer 34

The gradient of the cliff is reduced so that damage of coastal erosion is reduced and cliff won’t slump

Question 35

Is cliff regarding hard or soft engineering

Answer 35

Soft

Question 36

What are the advantages of cliff regarding

Answer 36

Cliff become more stable | Less prone to unexpected movement

Question 37

What are the disadvantages of cliff regarding

Answer 37

May be impractical if valuable land exists on top of the cliff Ongoing maintenance costs

Question 38

What is the purpose of gabions

Answer 38

To protect the coastline from erosion taking place and protect what’s behind them such areas areas of value

Question 39

How does gabions work

Answer 39

They absorb the wave energy along the coastline

Question 40

What is an example of gabions

Answer 40

Seaton in Devon

Question 41

What is an advantage of gabions

Answer 41

Relatively cheap, absorb wave energy

Question 42

How much does gabions cost

Answer 42

50,000 per 100m

Question 43

What is a disadvantage of gabions

Answer 43

Cages erode away due to rust only last 5 - 10 year

Question 44

Define beach nourishment

Answer 44

Replacing material that is eroded on the beach

Question 45

What are the advantages of beach nourishment

Answer 45

Blends in with existing beach Larger beaches attract tourism Build the beach up to reduce impact of cliff face

Question 46

What are the disadvantages of beach nourishment

Answer 46

Providing more sediment for transportation and erosion through backwash Sand has to be brought elsewhere, and be expensive Disrupts ecosystems Will need to be replaced

Question 47

What is the purpose of sand dune conservation

Answer 47

Restoring eroded areas and stabilising others using vegetation and fencing

Question 48

How does sand dune consequences work

Answer 48

Planting vegetation reduces the impact of wind and water, wooden sand fences can help retain sand and other material needed for a healthy sand dune ecosystem

Question 49

What is an example of sand dune conservation

Answer 49

Studland

Question 50

What are the advantages of sand dune conservation

Answer 50

Cheap Maintains natural appearance of coastline Provides habitat Helps absorb wave energy

Question 51

What are the disadvantages of sand dune conservation

Answer 51

Can be easily damaged by storm waves Areas have to be zoned off from public while it grows Protection is limited to small area

Question 52

What is cliff drainage

Answer 52

Steel barriers and drains are put into a cliff, to intercept the water movement through a cliff, this then causes mass movement

Question 53

What is the advantages of cliff drainage

Answer 53

No build up on impermeable and saturated clays Hidden structures mean more attractive natural appearance Prevents landslides and mass movement

Question 54

What is a disadvantage of cliff drainage

Answer 54

Cliff is still open to wave erosion

Question 55

What are revetments

Answer 55

Sloping structures built on shorelines

Question 56

Is revetments hard or soft engineering

Answer 56

Hard engineering

Question 57

What are the advantages of revetments

Answer 57

Impermeable revetments gave a life expectancy if 30 - 50 years Relatively low maintenance Can be cheaper than other techniques

Question 58

What are the disadvantages of revetments

Answer 58

Revetments are expensive to build, but cheaper than flood walls Big visual impact on the landscape Can make some beaches inaccessible to tourists Can disrupt natural processes

Question 59

What is an example of a revetment

Answer 59

Happisburg - it collapsed and wasn’t replaced