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Physical Geography > Coastal Management > Flashcards

Coastal Management Flashcards

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1
Q

What are the three aims of coastal management

A

Protecting the coastline from erosion
Protecting the coastline from flooding (seawater)
Conserving fragile environments

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2
Q

What three factors are taken into consideration when developing a sustainable management scheme

A

Environmental
Economic
Social

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3
Q

What does environmental sustainability suggest

A

Conserving coastal ecosystems, reducing or preventing pollution of the coastline and maintaining the aesthetic appeal of coastal areas

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4
Q

What does economic sustainability suggest

A

Ensuring coastal communities are able to maintain or improve their standard of living
Maintaining the source of income
Making sure the scheme isn’t to expensive

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5
Q

What does social sustainability suggest

A

Maintaining coastal communities by maintaining or improving quality of life
Social needs listened to and met

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6
Q

What does sustainable management implie

A

That the strategies involved should not just work in the present but also in the future ideally with the minimum maintenance

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7
Q

What is a holistic approach

A

Where all the physical and human factors are taken into account is now considered the best way forward

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8
Q

What is a SMP

A

Shoreline management plan which is drawn up for every stretch of coastline in England and Wales

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9
Q

What does SMP stand for

A

Shoreline management plan

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10
Q

What are the four coastal options in shoreline management schemes

A

No active intervention
Hold the existing defence line
Managed realignment
Advance the line

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11
Q

What is cost benefit analysis

A

Seeing if the costs outweigh the benefits

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12
Q

In the cost benefit analysis what does the costs refer to

A

Usually economic (how much it will cost) - social and environmental costs also calculated

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13
Q

In cost benefit analysis what does benefits refer to

A

The value of the land, business and properties that are being protected

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14
Q

What is hard engineering

A

Large solid structures to absorb or reflect the energy of the waves

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15
Q

What is soft engineering

A

Working with nature to protect the coast by enhancing the natural, protective process

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16
Q

What type of engineering is cheaper

A

Soft engineering

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17
Q

Define breakwater

A

A parable are in to see to protect the coast or harbour from the force of waves

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18
Q

What are the advantages of a break water

A

Reduces the effects of erosion
Offers recreational opportunities
Still habitat access

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19
Q

What are the disadvantages of a break water

A

Not always effective
New set of environmental dangers
Do not provide emergency protection

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20
Q

Define riprap

A

Human place to rock armour to protect the shoreline from erosion

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21
Q

How does rip rap work

A

Absorbs wave erosion

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22
Q

What is an advantage of rip rap

A

Office and easy to use methods for decreasing water velocity and protecting slopes from erosion and has a wide surface area

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23
Q

What is the disadvantage of rip rap

A

More expensive than vegetated slopes - costs $50 per tonne

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24
Q

What are sea walls made out of

A

Concrete

25
Q

Is a sea wall hard or soft engineering

A

Hard

26
Q

What are the advantages of a curved sea wall

A

Concave structures introduces a dissipating element
Curve prevents waves overtopping wall
They re direct most of the incident energy

27
Q

What are the disadvantages of a curved sea wall

A

More complex engineering process

Deflected waves can scour material at the base of wall causing it to become undermined

28
Q

How much does a curved sea wall cost per km

A

6 million

29
Q

What is an example of a curved sea wall

A

Under the cliff wall in Brighton

30
Q

What are the advantages of a verticle sea wall

A

Easily designed and constructed
Deflects wave energy
Loose rubble absorbs energy

31
Q

What are the disadvantages of a verticle sea wall

A

Can suffer expansive damage in a short time period

Verticle design means it can be undercut by Hugh wave energy

32
Q

How much does verticle sea wall cost per linear meter

A

£5000 - £10 000

33
Q

What is an example of a verticle sea wall

A

Hornsea

34
Q

What is cliff regarding

A

The gradient of the cliff is reduced so that damage of coastal erosion is reduced and cliff won’t slump

35
Q

Is cliff regarding hard or soft engineering

A

Soft

36
Q

What are the advantages of cliff regarding

A

Cliff become more stable

Less prone to unexpected movement

37
Q

What are the disadvantages of cliff regarding

A

May be impractical if valuable land exists on top of the cliff
Ongoing maintenance costs

38
Q

What is the purpose of gabions

A

To protect the coastline from erosion taking place and protect what’s behind them such areas areas of value

39
Q

How does gabions work

A

They absorb the wave energy along the coastline

40
Q

What is an example of gabions

A

Seaton in Devon

41
Q

What is an advantage of gabions

A

Relatively cheap, absorb wave energy

42
Q

How much does gabions cost

A

50,000 per 100m

43
Q

What is a disadvantage of gabions

A

Cages erode away due to rust only last 5 - 10 year

44
Q

Define beach nourishment

A

Replacing material that is eroded on the beach

45
Q

What are the advantages of beach nourishment

A

Blends in with existing beach
Larger beaches attract tourism
Build the beach up to reduce impact of cliff face

46
Q

What are the disadvantages of beach nourishment

A

Providing more sediment for transportation and erosion through backwash
Sand has to be brought elsewhere, and be expensive
Disrupts ecosystems
Will need to be replaced

47
Q

What is the purpose of sand dune conservation

A

Restoring eroded areas and stabilising others using vegetation and fencing

48
Q

How does sand dune consequences work

A

Planting vegetation reduces the impact of wind and water, wooden sand fences can help retain sand and other material needed for a healthy sand dune ecosystem

49
Q

What is an example of sand dune conservation

A

Studland

50
Q

What are the advantages of sand dune conservation

A

Cheap
Maintains natural appearance of coastline
Provides habitat
Helps absorb wave energy

51
Q

What are the disadvantages of sand dune conservation

A

Can be easily damaged by storm waves
Areas have to be zoned off from public while it grows
Protection is limited to small area

52
Q

What is cliff drainage

A

Steel barriers and drains are put into a cliff, to intercept the water movement through a cliff, this then causes mass movement

53
Q

What is the advantages of cliff drainage

A

No build up on impermeable and saturated clays
Hidden structures mean more attractive natural appearance
Prevents landslides and mass movement

54
Q

What is a disadvantage of cliff drainage

A

Cliff is still open to wave erosion

55
Q

What are revetments

A

Sloping structures built on shorelines

56
Q

Is revetments hard or soft engineering

A

Hard engineering

57
Q

What are the advantages of revetments

A

Impermeable revetments gave a life expectancy if 30 - 50 years
Relatively low maintenance
Can be cheaper than other techniques

58
Q

What are the disadvantages of revetments

A

Revetments are expensive to build, but cheaper than flood walls
Big visual impact on the landscape
Can make some beaches inaccessible to tourists
Can disrupt natural processes

59
Q

What is an example of a revetment

A

Happisburg - it collapsed and wasn’t replaced

Physical Geography (8 decks)

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