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Geography > Coastal management > Flashcards

Coastal management Flashcards

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1
Q

What is hard engineering?

A

The use of man-made structures to control the coast.

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2
Q

What are sea walls?

A

Concrete walls that are placed at the foot of a cliff to prevent erosion. They are curved to reflect the energy back into the sea.

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3
Q

What are the advantages of sea walls?

A

Effective at protecting the base of the cliff.
Sea walls usually have promenades so people can walk along them.

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4
Q

What are the disadvantages of sea walls?

A

Waves are still powerful and can break down and erode the sea wall.
Expensive - approximately £2,000 per metre.

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5
Q

What is rock armour?

A

Large boulders placed at the foot of a cliff. They break the waves and absorb their energy.

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6
Q

What are the advantages of rock armour?

A

Cheaper than a sea wall and easy to maintain.
Can be used for fishing.

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7
Q

What are the disadvantages of rock armour?

A

They look different to the local geology, as the rock has been imported from other areas.
The rocks are expensive to transport.

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8
Q

What are gabions?

A

Rocks are held in mesh cages and placed in areas affected by erosion.

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9
Q

What are the advantages of gabions?

A

Cheap - approximately £100 per metre.
Absorbs wave energy.

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10
Q

What are the disadvantages of gabions?

A

Not very strong.
Looks unnatural.

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11
Q

What are groynes?

A

Groynes are wooden or rock structures built out at right angles into the sea.

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12
Q

What are the advantages of groynes?

A

Builds a beach - which encourages tourism.
They trap sediment being carried by longshore drift.

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13
Q

What are the disadvantages of groynes?

A

By trapping sediment it starves beaches further down the coastline, increasing rates of erosion elsewhere.
They look unattractive.

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14
Q

What are the hard engineering strategies that can be used for coastal management?

A

Sea walls, rock armour, gabions and groynes.

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15
Q

What is soft engineering?

A

The use of natural, sustainable solutions to control the coast.

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16
Q

What is beach nourishment?

A

When sand is pumped onto an existing beach to build it up.

17
Q

What are the advantages of beach nourishment?

A

Blends in with the existing beach.
Larger beaches appeal to tourists.

18
Q

What are the disadvantages of beach nourishment?

A

Needs to be constantly replaced.
The sand has to be brought in from elsewhere.

19
Q

What is reprofiling?

A

When the sediment is redistributed from the lower part of the beach to the upper part of the beach.

20
Q

What are the advantages of reprofiling?

A

Cheap and simple.
Reduces the energy of the waves.

21
Q

What are the disadvantages of reprofiling?

A

Only works when wave energy is low.
Needs to be repeated continuously.

22
Q

What is dune nourishment?

A

When marram grass is planted on sand dunes. It stabilises the dunes and helps to trap sand to build them up.

23
Q

What are the advantages of dune nourishment?

A

Relatively cheap.
Maintains a natural-looking coastline.

24
Q

What are the disadvantages of dune nourishment?

A

Can be damaged by storm waves.
Areas have to be zoned off from the public, which is unpopular.

25
Q

What are the soft engineering strategies that can be used for coastal management?

A

Beach nourishment, reprofiling and dune nourishment.

26
Q

What is managed retreat?

A

The controlled flooding of low-lying coastal areas.

27
Q

When could managed retreat be an option?

A

If an area is at high risk of erosion. It usually occurs where the land is of low value, for example farm land.

28
Q

What are the advantages of managed retreat?

A

This is a cheap option compared to paying for sea defences.
Creates a salt marsh which can provide habitats for wildlife and a natural defence against erosion and flooding.
Salt marshes are diverse ecosystems supporting many species.

29
Q

What are the disadvantages of managed retreat?

A

Land is lost as it is reclaimed by the sea.
Landowners need to be compensated - this can cost between £5,000 - £10,000 per hectare.

30
Q

Where is the Holderness coastline located?

A

the east coast of England

31
Q

Why is the Holderness coatline significant?

A

because it is the fastest eroding coastline in Europe

32
Q

At what rate is the Holderness coastline eroding at?

A

The coastline is rapidly eroding at an average of 1.8 metres a year.

33
Q

What are the reasons for management on the Holderness coastline?
(why is it eroding so quickly)

A

Rock type - the cliffs are made from less-resistant boulder clay (made from sands and clays) which slumps when wet.

Naturally narrow beaches - these beaches give less protection to the coast as it doesn’t reduce the power of the waves.

Man-made structures - groynes have been installed to stop long-shore drift. This narrows unprotected beaches elsewhere even more.

Powerful waves - waves at Holderness travel long distances over the

North Sea (so have a long fetch) which means they will increase in energy.

34
Q

What management strategies have been put in place along the Holderness coastline?

A

Bridlington is protected by a 4.7 km long sea wall.

Hornsea is protected by a sea wall, groynes and rock armour.

Coastal management at Withernsea has tried to make the beach wider by using groynes, and also uses a seawall to protect the coast.

Mappleton is protected by rock groynes.

Spurn Head is protected with groynes and rock armour.

35
Q

What conflicts are there to do with the Holderness coastline?

A

There has been an increase in erosion at Great Cowden because of the groynes used in Mappleton. This has led to farms being destroyed by the erosion and the loss of 100 chalets at the Golden Sands Holiday Park.

Some people disagree with where the sea defences are located, especially if it means the land in their community is not protected.

Some sea defences negatively impact tourism and reduce the amount of money coming in to the area.

Geography (4 decks)

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