COASTAL HAZARDS 2

Question 1

marks the boundary between the sea and land

Answer 1

Shoreline-

Question 2

zone affected by wave action

Answer 2

Shore-

Question 3

this part of the shore is nearest to the sea. It is under water even at low tide.

Answer 3

Offshore-

Question 4

between the low-tide breaker line and the low-tide shoreline

Answer 4

Nearshore-

Question 5

this refers to the zone between high tide and low tide. It is under water during high tide. It is the surf zone.

Answer 5

*
Foreshore-

Question 6

it is the part of the shore between the high tide and the highest water level, which can only be reached by exceptional storm waves. Its sea bedis strewn with shingle and pebbles.

Answer 6

Backshore-

Question 7

are areas where tectonic forces deform and uplift the land. They are usually rugged and irregular, with beaches sometimes being restricted to coves and inlets. Ex. Pacific Coast of US, Eastern Coast of Philippines fronting the Philippine Trench

Answer 7

Active shorelines

Question 8

*
are areas with little to no tectonic activity, commonly resulting in a relatively straight coastline with flat-lying terrain. Ex. U.S. Gulf and Atlantic Coasts

Answer 8

Passive shorelines

Question 9

are the outer margins of the continents, where continental crust transitions to oceanic crust.

Answer 9

Continental Margins
*

Question 10

• are geologically inactive regions located some distance from plate boundaries.
• relatively wide and are sites where large quantities of sediments are deposited.
• comprises features such as the continental shelf, continental slope, and continental rise.

Answer 10

Passive Continental Margin

Question 11

• are located along convergent plate boundaries, where oceanic lithosphere is being subducted beneath the leading edge of a continent

Answer 11

Active Continental Margin

Question 12

Characterized by a single high tide and single low tide each tidal day

Answer 12

Diurnal (diurnal=daily)

Question 13

exhibits single two high tides and two low tides each tidal day

Common along the Atlantic coast of the United States

Answer 13

Semidiurnal (semi=twice)

Question 14

there are usually two high and two low tides each day, with high tides of different heights and low tides of different heights
-
prevalent along the Pacific coast of the United States and in many other parts of the world

Answer 14

Mixed tidal pattern

Question 15

Factors that determine size and energy of waves:
*

-
The faster the wind speed, the greater the wave energy.
*

-
The longer the wind blows, the larger the waves.
*

-
The greater the fetch, the more energy the waves have.

Answer 15

Wind energy
Duration of wind
Fetch

Question 16

–water from a breaker washing upon a beach at whatever angle the breaker approached shore.
*

Answer 16

Swash

Question 17

takes the shortest path, direct to the sea, not an oblique angle as taken by swash.

Answer 17

Backwash

Question 18

-
Stronger swash and weaker backwash.
-
Occurs on gentle-sloping coasts.
-
Deposits materials on the beach more than it removes.
*

Answer 18

Constructive Waves

Question 19

Occurs on steep-sloping coasts.
-
Removes (erodes) materials on the beach more than it deposits.

Answer 19

Destructive Waves

Question 20

As the wave continues toward shore, this causes a progressive decrease in velocity along the length of the wave, forcing it to bend in a process called
*

Answer 20

wave refraction.

Question 21

is a wave whose amplitude reaches a critical level at which some process can suddenly start that causes large amounts of wave energy to be transformed into turbulent kinetic energy.
*

Answer 21

Breaking wave

Question 22

refers to the area where the waves break.
*

Answer 22

Surf zone

Question 23

is an ocean current that flows parallel to the shore and is caused by large swells (series of waves) sweeping into the shoreline at an angle and pushing down the length of the beach in one direction.
*

Answer 23

Longshore current

Question 24

is the process of transporting material along a coast by waves which approach at an angle to the shore but recede perpendicular from it.

Answer 24

Longshore drift or beach drift

Question 25

This interaction between waves and a landmass can cause the shoreline to slowly move landward, a process referred to as

Answer 25

shoreline retreat.

Question 26

Also known as a sandy isthmus

Answer 26

Tombolos

Question 27

*
Sites of mud and organic deposition
*
Quiet waters
*
Some are enclosed by barriers and spits
*
A combination of river processes and coastal processes

Answer 27

Lagoons, Mudflats, Marshes, and Mangrove Swamps

Question 28

are wet lands that form as rivers empty their water and sediment into another body of water,such as an ocean, lake, or another river.

Answer 28

Deltas

Question 29

Types of Deltas

Answer 29

There are two major ways of classifying deltas. One considers the influences/processesthat create the landform, while the other considers its shape.

Question 30

-the movement of waves controls a delta’s size and shape.

Answer 30

Wave-dominated delta

Question 31

-usually form in areas with a large tidal range, or area between high tide and low tide.

Answer 31

Tide-dominated delta

Question 32

-are formed as rivers deposit large, coarse sediments. Gilbert deltas are usually confined to rivers emptying into freshwater lakes.

Answer 32

Gilbert deltas

Question 33

-form as a river does not empty directly into the ocean, but instead forms a partly enclosed wetland that contains a brackish water habitat.

Answer 33

4. Estuarine delta

Question 34

Deltas with this triangular or fan shape are called _______(arc-like) deltas.

Answer 34

arcuate

Question 35

Stronger waves form a ___________, which is more pointed than the arcuate delta, and is tooth-shaped.
*

Answer 35

cuspate delta

Question 36

A ___________has few, widely spaced distributaries, making it look like a bird’s foot.
*

Answer 36

bird-foot delta

Question 37

Another untraditional looking delta is the__________. The distributary network of an inverted delta is inland, while a single stream reaches the ocean or other body of water.
*

Answer 37

inverted delta

Question 38

_______________, which empty into a plain, are extremely rare.
*

Answer 38

Inland deltas

Question 39

An ______________ forms as a river develops a new channel, leaving the other to dry up or stagnate. This process is called avulsion.

Answer 39

abandoned delta

Question 40

-this type is directly attached to a shore, or borders it with an intervening shallow channel or lagoon

Answer 40

FRINGING REEF

Question 41

-a reef separated from a mainland or island shore by a deep channel or lagoon

Answer 41

BARRIER REEF

Question 42

-this more or less circular or continuous barrier reef extends all the way around a lagoon without a central island.

Answer 42

ATOLL REEF

Question 43

–observed where a more resistant portion of the rock remains in the surf, separated from the retreating cliff
*

Answer 43

Sea stacks

Question 44

Column of rock standing in the water off a beach
*

Answer 44

Chimney-

Question 45

where wave erosion has hollowed out a line of weakness in otherwise resistant promontory

Answer 45

Sea arch–

Question 46

are gently sloping platform of rocks that extend seaward in to a steep drop off.

Answer 46

Shore Platforms

Question 47

commonly leads to inland flooding far from where a storm makes landfall.

Answer 47

Intense precipitation

Question 48

• a tool that measures the vulnerability of the physical coast by analyzing natural and anthropogenic factors driving beach processes

Answer 48

CIVAT
- Coastal Integrity and Vulnerability Assessment Tool