coaching,stages of learning,sociocultural influences - SAC 1 Flashcards
Law of Innertia (#1)
” a body will remain in it’s current state of motion unless acted upon by an external force”
Acceleration (#2)
“a force applied to a body causes acceleration of that body of a magnitude proportional to the force, in the direction of the force & inversley proportional to the body’s mass”
Reaction (#3)
“when on object excerts a force on a second, another force is applied back on the 1st object is equal in magnitude & opposite in direction to the original force”
COGNITIVE STAGE - characteristics
- beginner is mentally trying to comprehend the movement requirements of the skill.
Characteristics include: - Inconsistent performance
*Frequent errors - Low movement efficiency
- Rapid improvement
is aware of their mistakes, but has not yet developed error detection and correction abilities.
coaching the cognitive stage
Learners in the cognitive stage need:
* Verbal instruction that is clear and concise
* Repeated demonstrations of effective technique
*Simple feedback that does not overload the learner
* Part practice when learning complex skills
ASSOCIATIVE STAGE - characteristics
The performer is beginning to refine their technique.
- Greater consistency in performance
- Fewer errors
- Improved timing and coordination
- The performer is able to detect the cause of some errors and can develop strategies to eliminate them
coaching the associative stage
Learners in the associative stage need:
* Specific feedback to address learners’ needs
* Support with error correction and detection
* Practice that exposes the learner to relevant and irrelevant cues to increase player decision-making
AUTONOMOUS STAGE -characteristics
The performer no longer thinks about the skill and can perform it automatically.
* Low attentional focus on the skill
* High accuracy and efficiency of skill
*Can focus on decision-making
The performer can detect their own errors and correct them. Performance variability is small.
coaching the autonomous stage
Learners in the autonomous stage need:
* Precise feedback
* Motivation to continue to improve performance
* Practice using game-like situations to focus on tactics
sociocultural influences on skill development
It is important to acknowledge the influence that society and cultural practices on skill development.
*Sociocultural factors include:
*Family
*Peers
*Cultural norms
*Socioeconomic status
how do sociocultural influences affect skill development
- The relative opportunity afforded to the learner to participate and practice in sporting activities.
*The values and beliefs that underpin attitudes to learning
*The presence of influential role models
Sociocultural factors influence what the learner values and who they aspire to be
what are the different approaches to the teaching of movement skills
LINEAR
NON LINEAR
LINEAR approach to learning
- is based on behaviourist model of learning - behaviour is shaped by the external environment
linear approaches to learning movement skills are characterised by:
* high volume of practice trials
* lots of drills and repetition
*absence of a simulated game environment
non linear approach to learning - what is it characterised by
Based on constructivist model of learning- learning is an active process that is developmental and multi-dimensional.
- Representativeness- practice mimics how the movement skills could be performed in the actual game
- Task simplification- making performance of the movement skill easier
- Informational constraints- focusing on the movement outcome
*. Variability in practice through manipulation of task constraints
what type of instruction does linear approach use (direct, constraints)
Linear approaches to skill acquisition are generally applied through direct instruction.
Direct instruction (explicit learning) is a highly structured approach to coaching where the coach controls and directs the learning process.
Direct instruction (what it involves )
*. Being coach-centred
*. Developing explicit steps to learning a skill
*. Ensuring mastery at each stage
*. Giving specific corrective feedback
*. Providing adequate and systematic feedback
*. Reducing coach directed activities towards independent participants
advantages of direct instruction
- – Learner is aware they are learning the skill
—-Quick and easy to organise and implement
—–Keeps learners on task
—-Maximises practice time
—-Facilitates rapid early learning
Disadvantaes of direct instruction
—-Learners are forced to pay conscious attention to the skill- process becomes less automatic, resulting in a decrease in performance
—-Skills are more likely to break down in situations of high pressure- when the athlete is fatigued or under stress
non linear approach uses what approach (contraints, direct)
Non-linear approaches to skill acquisition are generally applied through indirect instruction. One perspective is known as a constraints-based approach.
what does constraints based approach involve
—Being learner-centred
—Coach as a facilitator
—-Questioning of the learner, not telling them what to do
—Exploration of the movement context
—Generation of knowledge
advantages of contraints based approach
—-Practice mimics the game environment
—-Variability of practice
—-Implicit learning occurs
—-Movement and problem-solving skills are developed
—-Promotes independent learning
disadvantes of contraints based approach
—-Coach familiarity with how to effectively structure sessions
—-Can be more time-consuming to prepare and plan
—-Level of comfort for the coach to relinquish control
individual constraints
the characteristics of the individual that influence movement
-physical charactersitics
fitness level
technical skills
perceptual, decision making and tactical knowledge
environmental constraints
the charactersitics of the physical and social environments that influence movement
weather
natural light
sound
peer groups
task constraints
the characteristics of the task, rules,goals, equipment, that influence movenemt.
field dimensions
size of striking implement
number of players
ring height
newtons laws of motion…
they describe the relationship between a body and the forces acting upon it.
also explain how these forces affect the motion of a body as a consequence.
