CoA Flashcards
1
Q
refers to those attributes (characteristics) of a system that have a direct impact on the logical execution of a program.
A
Computer Architecture
2
Q
is part of the abstract model of a computer that defines how the CPU is controlled by the software.
A
Instruction Set Architecture (ISA)
3
Q
is a model of a computer system (considered either as hardware or software) constructed to allow a detailed and precise analysis of how the computer system works.
A
An abstract model of a machine
4
Q
There are 2 classifications of ISA
A
- RISC (Reduced Instruction Set Computer) architecture
- CISC (Complex Instruction Set Computer) architecture
5
Q
a microprocessor architecture with a simple collection and highly customized set of instructions
A
Reduced Instruction Set Computer Processor
6
Q
It means each instruction cycle requires only one clock cycle, and each cycle contains three parameters
A
fetch, decode and execute
7
Q
is a memory that uses capacitors to store data. And these capacitors has to constantly and dynamically be refreshed often with electricity inorder for them to store data
A
DRAM
8
Q
is what is used in the CPU cache. It is a lot faster than DRAM because it doesn’t have to be constantly refreshed and it is also very expensive.
A
SRAM
9
Q
is a CPU internal memory. And its job is to store copies of data and instructions from RAM that’s waiting to be used by the CPU.
A
CPU cache
10
Q
For executing each instruction in a computer, the RISC processors require one CPI (Clock per cycle). And each CPI includes the fetch, decode and execute method applied in computer instruction.
A
One cycle execution time
11
Q
The pipelining technique is used in the RISC processors to execute multiple parts or stages of instructions to perform more efficiently.
A
Pipelining technique
12
Q
RISC processors are optimized with multiple registers that can be used to store instruction and quickly respond to the computer and minimize interaction with computer memory.
A
A large number of registers
13
Q
developed by the Intel. It has a large collection of complex instructions that range from simple to very complex and specialized in the assembly language level, which takes a long time to execute the instructions.
A
Complex Instruction Set Computer
14
Q
It is an older ISA classification. It tends to use fewer lines of assembly code, each performing multiple steps in multiple clock cycles, making it easier to compile higher-level languages.
A
Complex Instruction Set Computer
15
Q
Isthe use of a pipeline
A
Pipelining
16
Q
There are 3 forms that a computer represent data
A
- Number Systems
- Bits and Bytes
- Text codes
17
Q
is the system of naming or representing numbers.
A
The number system or the numeral system
18
Q
is the smallest unit of storage
A
Bit
19
Q
unit of information storage
A
Byte
20
Q
are typically stored with either 4 or 8 bytes
A
Integers
21
Q
occurs when you attempt to store inside an integer variable a value that is larger than the maximum value the variable can hold.
A
integer overflow
22
Q
is a format used to represent alphabets, punctuation marks, and other symbols.
A
Text code
23
Q
is an 8-bit binary code for numeric and alphanumeric characters. It was developed and used by IBM. In this code, each decimal digit is represented by a 4-bit binary number.
A
EBCDIC
24
Q
is a BCD which is representing decimal numbers beyond 9.
A
Packed BCD
25
is a code for representing 128 English characters as numbers, with each letter assigned a number from 0 to 127.
ASCII code
26
is used as a method to give all computers the same language, allowing them to share documents and files.
ASCII
27
are 8 bits or larger encodings where the first 7 bits are identical to that of ASCII character set.
Extended ASCII
28
is a version that supports representation of 256 different characters.
Extended ASCII
29
There are three basic I/O mechanisms that computer systems can use to communicate with peripheral devices:
1. memory-mapped input/output
2. I/O-mapped input/output
3. direct memory access (DMA).
30
uses ordinary locations within the CPU's memory address space to communicate with peripheral devices.
Memory-mapped I/O
31
is connected to the CPU's address and data lines exactly like regular memory.
memory-mapped peripheral device
32
is an enhanced version of 8085 Microprocessor that was designed by Intel in 1976.
8086 Microprocessor
33
The microprocessor cannot do anything by itself therefore, it needs to be linked with memory, extra peripherals, or IO devices. This linking is called
Interfacing
34
In this kind of interfacing, we assign a memory address that can be used in the same manner as we use a normal memory location.
Memory-Mapped I/O Interfacing
35
A kind of interfacing in which we assign an 8-bit address value to the input/output devices which can be accessed using IN and OUT instruction is called
I/O Mapped I/O Interfacing
36
uses an address space separate from memory, and it uses special machine instructions to transfer data between that special I/O address space and the outside world.
I/O-mapped input/output
37
is a special form of memory-mapped I/O where the peripheral device reads and writes data located in memory without CPU intervention.
Data Memory Access (DMA)
38
is a unique identifier used by a device or CPU for data tracking. This binary address is defined by an ordered and finite sequence allowing the CPU to track the location of each memory byte.
memory address
39
is a link between components or devices connected to a computer. It carries data between a CPU and the system memory via the motherboard.
bus
40
3 Types of buses in a computer
1. data bus
2. control bus
3. address bus
41
also called a processor bus, is a group of electrical wires that sends information (data) between two or more components. It is a computer bus that is used to transmit data among components.
Data bus
42
A data bus has 2 types
serial bus and parallel bus
43
like USB and FireWire connections—use a single wire to both send and receive information between components.
Serial bus
44
usually refer to the types of cables, ports, and connectors used to connect these types of external devices to computers.
FireWire
45
like SCSI (scuzzy) connections—use many wires to communicate between components. Those buses may be internal to the processor or external, relative to a given component being connected.
Parallel bus
46
is a set of standards for physically connecting and transferring data between computers and peripheral devices. The SCSI standards define commands, protocols, electrical, optical and logical interfaces.
Small Computer System Interface
47
is a computer bus that is used by the CPU to communicate with devices that are contained within the computer. It carries control signals from the processor to other components.
control bus
48
is a computer bus architecture. It is used to transfer data between devices. It is a computer bus that is used to specify a physical address in the memory.
address bus
49
are methods used to locate data and instructions in primary memory.
Memory Addressing modes
50
There are 5 different modes in memory addressing in Assembly language:
1. Immediate Memory Addressing Mode
2. Direct Memory Addressing Mode
3. Indirect Memory Addressing Mode
4. Register Memory Addressing Mode
5. Implied Memory Addressing Mode
51
a programming language that communicates with the hardware of a computer directly.
Assembly language
52
is a term, symbol or name used to define or specify a computing function.
mnemonic
53
is one of a small set of data holding places that are part of the computer processor. It may hold an instruction, a storage address, or any kind of data (such as a bit sequence or individual characters).
register
54
is an assembly language used to see how these 5 modes can impact on the output or flow of a program.
LMC (Little Man Computer) assembly language
55
enable us to provide either a hard-coded value or a memory location for the operand.
Memory address modes
56
It is the simplest form of addressing. It means that the data to be used is hard-coded into the instruction itself. In this mode we directly transfer the data into the Register or Accumulator.
Immediate Memory Addressing
57
is a type of register for short-term, intermediate storage of arithmetic and logic data in a computer's central processing unit (CPU).
Accumulator
58
it is automatically fetched from memory at the same time the instruction itself is fetched.
immediate operand
59
In this mode, we directly copy the data from the given address into the register. Whatever the data given in a memory address will be stored into the register or accumulator.
Direct Addressing
60
is the mnemonic for the opcode (load accumulator A).
LDA
61
The manner of specification of the target address is called the ______ of the machine language instruction.
addressing mode
62
In this mode, it lets copy data from one register to other register.
Register Memory Addressing
63
In this mode, we don’t need any operand. The execution/operation will happen on the data register only. The Accumulator result will have to complement on the initial Accumulator or Register data.
Implied Memory Addressing
64
refers to the operational units and their interconnections that realize the architectural specifications.
Computer Organization
65
are the output of learning and processing block, which are sent to different output interfaces to produce desired output in the real physical world.
Control signals
66
is a method of generating control signals with the help of Finite State Machines (FSM).
hardwired control unit
67
Finite State Machine is also known as
Finite Automata (FA)
68
s the simplest model of computation and it has a very limited memory.
FSM
69
s the simplest model of computation and it has a very limited memory.
FSM
70
That edges are called the
transitions
71
The logical expressions are translated into device structures called
logic gates
72
Is both a symbolic representation of a logical operation and, when used in digital electronics, it can be an actual circuit in hardware.
logic gates
73
is a way to see all possible conditions for the variables in a logical expression and to chart the results.
truth table
74
inverse (NOT) of a conjunction (AND) is logically equivalent to the disjunction (OR) of two inverses (NOT)
De Morgan’s Theorem
75
is a component in the processor that generates the control signals that are essential to control the proper functioning of the processor.
control unit
76
uses the software approach to generate the control signals.
microprogrammed control unit
77
holds a machine instruction that is currently being executed. It holds the currently queued instruction for use.
instruction register
78
determines the address sequence that is read from control memory.
Microprogrammed address generator
79
is used to cycling the sequence of control.
microprogram counter
80
is the part of a CPU's control unit that stores the CPU's microprogram.
control store
81
a device that generates addresses in a microprogram.
microsequencer
82
A control store implementation whose contents are unalterable is known as a
Read Only Memory or Read Only Storage
83
one whose contents are alterable is known as a
Writable Control Store
84
are used to identify the nature of operation.
control signals
85
This signal indicates that the selected IO or memory device is to be read and is ready for accepting data available on the data bus.
RD(Read)
86
This signal indicates that the data on the data bus is to be written into a selected memory or IO location.
WR (Write)
87
It is a positive going pulse generated when a new operation is started by the microprocessor. When the pulse goes high, it indicates address. When the pulse goes down it indicates data. It is used to enable or disable the address bus.
ALE (Address Latch Enable)
88
is the measurement of the length of time that data is being worked on by the processor and is used as an indicator of how much processing is required for a process or how CPU intensive a process or program is.
CPU time
89
are the output of learning and processing block, which are sent to different output interfaces to produce desired output in the real physical world
Control signals
90
is where the control signals are represented in the decoded binary format that is 1 bit/CS.
Horizontal Micro-instruction
91
The control signals are represented in the
encoded binary format
92
The control signals are represented in the
encoded binary format
93
show paths that data flows while passing through the computer.
Solid lines
94
in the diagram show the paths of control signals that direct the computer’s actions.
dashed lines
95
The chronological development of computers that are designed primarily for performance.
mainframe systems
96
the fastest are called
supercomputers
97
is the first programmable general-purpose electronic digital computer, built during World War II by the United States.
ENIAC
98
was one of the earliest computers in the world. It was built in Pennsylvania, Moore School of Electrical Engineering, by John Presper Eckert.
EDVAC (Electronic Discrete Variable Automatic Computer)
99
was one of the last of the first-generation electronic computers.
BRLESC I (Ballistic Research Laboratories Electronic Scientific Computer)
100
a pioneering computer built at the University of Cambridge, England (Wilkes 1951b).
EDSAC (Electronic Delay Storage Automatic Calculator)
101
considered abstraction an important part of computer design, and it played a major role in his discussions of computer architecture.
Von Neumann
102
are less complex while parallel circuits perform computations much faster.
Serial arithmetic circuits
103
opted for speed and choose a parallel organization.
IAS design
104
was developed by a team of engineers led by J. Presper Eckert and John Mauchly, makers of ENIAC, the first general-purpose electronic digital computer.
UNIVAC
105
Since the beginning of computer programming, it has been a common practice for programmers to produce a large program by combining a number of smaller programs, called
subroutines
106
is a storage area in which items of data are stored on a last-in first-out basis.
stack
107
In this generation, mainly batch processing operating system was used. Punch cards, paper tape, and magnetic tape was used as input and output devices. The computers in this generation used machine code as the programming language.
First Generation
108
In this generation, assembly language and high-level programming languages like FORTRAN, COBOL were used. The computers used batch processing and multiprogramming operating system.
Second Generation
109
used Integrated Circuits (ICs) in place of transistors. A single IC has many transistors, resistors, and capacitors along with the associated circuitry.
Third Generation
110
In this generation, time sharing, real time networks, distributed operating system were used. All the high-level languages like C, C++, DBASE etc., were used in this generation.
Fourth Generation
111
The IC was invented by
Jack Kilby
112
is a facet of computer architecture that transmits and shares data throughout the computer and between devices.
system level bus
113
This generation is based on parallel processing hardware and AI (Artificial Intelligence) software.
Fifth Generation
114
is that component of the CPU that does the arithmetic operations and the logical comparisons that are necessary for program execution.
Arithmetic Logic Unit (ALU)
115
The set of registers is sometimes called the
register file
116
is the mechanism by which the CPU communicates with memory and I/O devices.
CPU bus
117
forms the basis for operation of a stored-program computer.
Fetch-Execute Cycle
118
are a type of computer memory used to quickly accept, store, and transfer data and instructions that are being used immediately by the CPU.
Registers
119
is the electronic holding place for the instructions and data a computer needs to reach quickly.
Memory
120
is accessed by address as if it were in the main memory that is not on the chip and the memory management unit will map the access to the cache memory as appropriate.
Memory
121
is accessed directly by specific instructions.
Register
122
that registers (as static memory) may actually be built from
flip-flops
123
computer memory is fabricated from a different technology called
dynamic memory
124
The CPU contains two types of registers
special purpose registers and general-purpose registers
125
is one of the special purpose registers found on most computers.
program status register (PSR)
126
is when an interrupt is serviced, execution of the main program is halted.
Interrupt Service Routine
127
contains a number of general-purpose registers accessible to the assembly language operations (often numbered 0 through some positive integer) and a number of special-purpose registers not directly accessed by the program.
register file
128
contains the address of the assembly language instruction to be next executed.
program counter
129
contains the binary word corresponding to the machine
instruction register
130
contains the address of the word in main memory that is being accessed.
memory address register
131
(also called MDR or memory data register) is the
register used to communicate data to and from the memory.
memory buffer register
132
refers to the storage of instructions in computer memory to enable it to perform a variety of tasks in sequence or intermittently.
Stored Program Control Concept
133
was the first computing system designed in the early 1940s. It was based on Stored Program Concept in which machine use memory for processing data.
ENIAC (Electronic Numerical Integrator and Computer)
134
is based on the stored-program computer concept, where instruction data and program data are stored in the same memory.
Von Neumann architecture
135
is the modified version of the Von-Neumann Architecture.
General Purpose System
136
can be described as a class of techniques which enables the system to achieve simultaneous data-processing tasks to increase the computational speed of a computer system.
Parallel Processing
137
is a single processor wherein it takes data from a single address in memory and performs a single instruction on the data at a time.
SISD
138
is the process of accumulating instruction from the processor through a pipeline.
Pipelining
139
is an online repository for information or it is some set of data.
data pool
140
is a central location where data is stored and managed.
repository
141
is a some set of instruction.
Instruction pool
142
also called a central processor, main processor or just processor, is the electronic circuitry that executes instructions comprising a computer program.
central processing unit (CPU)
143
means flow of data and instructions.
Stream
144
means involving or causing sudden great damage or suffering.
Catastrophic
145
is a specialized processing unit with enhanced mathematical computation capability, ideal for computer graphics and machine-learning tasks.
GPU (Graphics Processing Unit)
146
Frequency/Clock rate
F
147
Cycle Count
CC
148
Cycle Time = Time Period = 1/F
CT
149
Cycles Per Instruction
CPI
150
Instruction Count
IC
151
Millions Floating Point Operation Per Second
MFLOPS
152
Million Instruction Per Second
MIPS
153
also called clock rate or clock speed, specifies internal frequency of CPU cores.
Microprocessor frequency
154
is an electronic oscillator that produces a clock signal for use in synchronizing a circuit's operation.
clock generator
155
is measured in the SI unit of frequency hertz (Hz).
Clock rate or clock speed
156
is an abbreviation of the French word Système International.
SI unit
157
is the modern form for the metric system that is used universally as a standard for measurements.
The International System of Units (SI)
158
There are 4 basic operations of arithmetic
1. Addition (Getting the Sum)
2. Subtraction (Getting the difference)
3. Multiplication (Getting the product)
4. Division (Getting the quotient)
159
is the most essential operation of arithmetic.
In its most simplistic form, addition connects two quantities into a separate quantity or sum.
Addition
160
It is the opposite process of addition. The addition of the term with the adverse (having a negative effect of something) term is known as
Subtraction
161
is known as recited addition, it is denoted by (×), it also connects with two or more conditions to appear in a single value.
Multiplication
162
is mainly expressed through the ‘÷‘ symbol and is the reverse of multiplication. It creates two terms, dividend and divisor, where the dividend is divided through the divisor, to give a single term value.
Division
163
A number can be converted from one number system to another number system using number system formulas.
Conversion Rules of Number Systems
164
is a number with no decimal or fractional part and it includes negative and positive numbers, including zero.
integer
165
is a representation which has a fixed number of bits for integer part and for fractional part.
Fixed point representation
166
is a representation which does not reserve a specific number of bits for the integer part or the fractional part.
Floating point representation
167
is any form of data that is measured in non-number (or word) form. It makes use of symbols and letters. Such data can only be identified in a word format.
Non-numeric data
168
A sequence of character is called
character data
169
means the string of alphanumeric characters on a distributed or other electronic network or database which may be accessed only by knowledge or possession of a private key to facilitate or record transactions on the distributed or other electronic network or database.
Data address
170
is used by computer systems to take logical decisions.
Logical data
171
is represented by a dot or square on a computer monitor display screen
Pixel
172
It is also called “compound assignment operators” or “combined assignment operators”.
Arithmetic Assignment Operators
173
is a special symbol or word that connects two or more phrases of information.
Logical Operation
174
The operations are listed below.
1. AND 2. OR 3. NOT 4. NAND 5. NOR 6. XOR
7.XNOR
175
is said to be the mathematical brain of the microprocessor.
ALU
176
End.
177
This is a very common problem and has happened to most people who deal with data, including myself. As well as deletion, reformatting a device can also result in the loss of stored information.
Accidental deletions
178
Many electronic devices depend on electricity to function properly and maintain data. A loss of power can therefore be disruptive or destructive, especially in cases where the power loss is sudden. As well as power losses, power surges can also cause problems.
Power failures
179
Anything that causes physical damage to the storage device can corrupt data or prevent access to it. Even minor accidents, such as knocking over a cup of coffee, might be all it takes to cause the loss of large amounts of data.
Spills, drops, and other physical accidents
180
Many modern forms of digital data storage are exposed to the internet. This means that the data risks being corrupted by malware, either directly, or via wider damage being caused to say, the operating system.
Viruses and other forms of malware
181
Whether through burglary, pickpocketing, mugging, or other forms of theft, you can lose the entire device and all the information that's on it.
Theft
182
These can all destroy vast amounts of data. This is one of the main reasons why data should never be backed up in the same building, but rather in a separate place.
Fires, floods, explosions, and other catastrophic events
183
These can all destroy vast amounts of data. This is one of the main reasons why data should never be backed up in the same building, but rather in a separate place.
Fires, floods, explosions, and other catastrophic events
184
is a computing and telecommunications industry specification that describes how devices can communicate with each other.
Bluetooth
185
is an RF wireless technology operating at 2.4 GHz, has an effective range of 32-feet (10 meters), varying by power class, a transfer rate of 1 Mbps, and throughput of 721 Kbps.
Bluetooth
186
is the brain of the computer system where all types of data processing operations and all the important functions of a computer are performed by the CPU.
CPU
187
is a specific place on a motherboard that holds CPU processors in place. CPU or central processing unit is the multicore processor that executes instructions when running computer programs.
CPU socket or CPU slot
188
is the first generation of a product, typically hardware, such as the Android G1 smartphone. It is also the first generation of IBM's CMOS-based mainframes (Parallel Enterprise Servers).
G1(Generation 1)
189
is a computer program or device that provides a service to another computer program and its user, also known as the client. In a data center, the physical computer that a server program runs on is also frequently referred to as a server.
server
190
is a distinct mount used only for the CPU on the motherboard to ensure correct circuit chip insertion.
CPU socket
191
3 types of CPU sockets that remain consistent, and understanding these different types CPU sockets might help the decision-making process.
1. PGA (PIN GRID ARRAY)
2. LGA (LAND GRID ARRAY)
3. BGA (BALL GRID ARRAY)
192
is the integrated circuit packaging standard used in most second- through fifth-generation processors.
pin grid array (PGA)
193
is a CPU socket type where the metallic pins are located at the socket on the motherboard and the CPU is designed with flat gold contact pads located on the bottom of the CPU.
LGA (Land Grid Array)
194
is a CPU socket type that requires soldering the CPU on the CPU socket during installment using tiny solder dust then create a stronger bond and permanent link between the CPU and the CPU socket.
BGA or Ball Grid Array
195
involves huge heatsinks with many fans that conduct the heat from the CPU and require a fan to blow away the heat because the heatsink alone is not enough to cool down the CPU.
Air Cooling – Fan
196
involve more mechanical parts than air cooling systems such as water pumps, reservoirs, radiators, etc. Hence, the liquid cooling system is the most expensive cooling solution among these three.
Liquid Cooling – Fan
197
implement a fanless design, naturally dissipating the heat from the CPU to the outer enclosure of the computer that passively cools the CPU.
Passive Cooling - Fanless
198
is a measure of how reliable a hardware product or component is.
MTBF (mean time between failures)
199
is a computer software designed to carry out a specific task other than one relating to the operation of the computer itself, typically to be used by end-users.
application software
200
is a type of computer program that is designed to run a computer's hardware and application programs.
System software
201
is a general term for various physical components of a computer system.
System hardware
202
describes structure and basic functional parts of a computer system at a logical level… from the programmer’s point of view.
Computer Architecture
203
describes how hardware components operate to meet the architecture.
Computer Organization
204
is an expression of a program in a language that the computer can understand.
Computer Programming
205
Close to human expression and needs
High-level languages
206
Close to the computer architecture with lots of low-level details.
Low-level languages
207
is a set of components that interact to accomplish an objective.
System
208
is an abbreviation for an operation. It's entered in the operation code field of each assembler program instruction.
mnemonic
209
is a programming language such as C, FORTRAN, or Pascal that enables a programmer to write programs that are more or less independent of a particular type of computer.
High-Level Language (HLL)
210
is a computer software package that performs a specific function for an end user or another application based on carefully designed features.
application program
211
is comprised of three major components – (processor, memory, I/O) – that interact indirectly through the bus.
Simple Computer System
212
is the most popular pointing device. It is a very famous cursor-control device having a small palm size box with a round ball at its base, which senses the movement of the mouse and sends corresponding signals to the CPU when the mouse buttons are pressed.
Mouse
213
is also a pointing device, which is used to move the cursor position on a monitor screen. It is a stick having a spherical ball at its both lower and upper ends. The lower spherical ball moves in a socket. The joystick can be moved in all four directions.
Joystick
214
is a pointing device similar to a pen. It is used to select a displayed menu item or draw pictures on the monitor screen. It consists of a photocell and an optical system placed in a small tube.
Light pen
215
is an input device that is mostly used in notebook or laptop computer, instead of a mouse. This is a ball which is half inserted and by moving fingers on the ball, the pointer can be moved.
Track ball
216
is an input device, which works more like a photocopy machine. It is used when some information is available on paper and it is to be transferred to the hard disk of the computer for further manipulation.
Scanner
217
is an input device which converts analog information into digital form. Digitizer can convert a signal from the television or camera into a series of numbers that could be stored in a computer.
Digitizer
218
is also known as Tablet or Graphics Tablet as it converts graphics and pictorial data into binary inputs. A graphic tablet as digitizer is used for fine works of drawing and image manipulation applications.
Digitizer
219
is an input device to input sound that is then stored in a digital form.
Microphone
220
is generally used in banks as there are large number of cheques to be processed every day.
MICR input device
221
is an input device used to read a printed text.
Optical Character Reader (OCR)
222
is a device used for reading bar coded data (data in the form of light and dark lines).
Bar Code Reader
223
is a special type of optical scanner used to recognize the type of mark made by pen or pencil.
Optical Mark Reader (OMR)
224
is used to save data and instruction to make them readily available for initial or additional processing when required.
Storing
225
It stores files for the operating system and software programs as well as user documents, such as photographs, text files, videos, and audio.
hard disk drive
226
is another type of storage medium that uses magnetic storage technology to store information.
Floppy Disk Drive (FDD)
227
was often used for digital data storage because of its low cost and ability to store large amounts of data.
Magnetic Tapes
228
is a form of optical storage, a technology that employs lasers and lights to read and write data. Initially, compact discs were used purely for music, but in the late 1980s, they began to be used for computer data storage.
Compact Discs (CDs)
229
is a read-only digital versatile disc (DVD) commonly used for storing large software applications.
Digital versatile disc-read only memory (DVD-ROM)
230
is a flash-memory data-storage device that incorporates an integrated USB interface. Also known as a thumb drive, pen drive, flash drive, memory stick, jump drive, and USB stick.
USB Flash Drives
231
are commonly used in multiple electronic devices, including digital cameras and mobile phones.
Secure Digital Cards (SD Cards)
232
uses flash memory to store data and is sometimes used in devices such as netbooks, laptops, and desktop computers instead of a traditional hard disk drive.
solid-state drive
233
were a common method of data storage used with early computers. This data-storage medium pretty much disappeared as new and better technologies were developed.
Punch cards (or punched cards)
234
were a common method of data storage used with early computers. The cards were entered into computers to enable the storage and accessing of information. This data-storage medium pretty much disappeared as new and better technologies were developed.
Punch cards (or punched cards)
