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SFM6 > CNS Physiology > Flashcards

CNS Physiology Flashcards

1
Q

tau fx

A

binds and stabilizes microtubules
problems –> neurofibrillary tangles (NFTs)
e.g. AD

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2
Q

astrocytes

A

bbb
regulate extraneuronal ion conc
remove nt’s
form scars in response to injury (can be good or bad)

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3
Q

oligodendricytes

A

form myelin in CNS

1 cell –> up to 10 axons

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4
Q

microglia

A

macrophage-like

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5
Q

gray matter

A

cell bodies

e. g.
- cortex (surrounds brain or cerebellum)
- nucleus (cluster of gray matter within brain, i.e. surrounded by white matter)
- ganglion
- horn (spinal cord)

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6
Q

white matter

A

fibers/axons

e. g.
- nerve (PNS)
- tract (CNS)
- – named “from-to” e.g. corticospinal = from cortex (brain) to spinal cord
- fasciculus
- lemniscus
- column
- capsule
- commissure
- peduncle

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7
Q

pain receptors in meninges

A

in dura mater only

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8
Q

ependymal cells

A 
line the ventricles
make CSF (most specifically choroid epithelial cells do, which are a specialized form of ependymal cell)
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9
Q

nissl substance

A

ribosomes and rER of neuron

stains blue with nissl stain

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10
Q

ventricular system and embryologic origin

A

makes CSF
from vesicles in neural tube

CSF flows from:

  • lateral ventricles to
  • third ventricle to
  • cerebral aqueduct to
  • fourth ventricle to
  • subarachnoid space (especially large cisterns; no longer part of ventricular system)
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11
Q

lateral ventricles supply

A

forebrain (telencephalon)

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12
Q

third ventricle supplies

A

forebrain (diencephalon)

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13
Q

cerebral aqueduct supplies

A

midbrain (mesencephalon)

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14
Q

fourth ventricle supplies

A

hindbrain (rhombencephalon)

- cerebellum, pons, medulla

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15
Q

most specifically, what makes CSF and (roughly) how?

A

choroid epithelial cells

  • specialized ependymal cells
  • make up choroid plexus
  • line ventricles
  • most abundant in lateral ventricles

filters blood, adds extra ions

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16
Q

foramen of monro

A

connects lateral to third ventricle (allows CSF flow)

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17
Q

exit point of CSF from ventricular system

A

afer 4th ventricle

  • 1x foramen of magendie (medial)
  • 2x foramen of luschka (lateral)
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18
Q

cisterns

A 
large spaces of subarachnoid space
collect CSF (passively) upon exit from ventricular system
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19
Q

flow of CSF once out of ventricular system

A
  • subarachnoid space to
  • superior sagittal sinus
  • – reabsorbed by arachnoid villi, clustered in arachnoid granulations
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20
Q

arachnoid villi

A

reabsorb CSF
in superior sagittal sinus
cluster in arachnoid granulations

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21
Q

if decussation occurs, it’s at level of ____ order neuron

A

second order neuron (cell body)

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22
Q

afferent fiber types by size and conduction velocity

A

biggest = fastest

  • A-alpha (largest)
  • A-beta
  • A-delta
  • C (smallest, unmyelinated)
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23
Q

the ____(biggest/smallest) afferents are involved in balance

A

biggest

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24
Q

A-alpha fibers

A

biggest, fastest
balance
primary muscle spindles
Golgi tendon

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25
Q

A-beta fibers

A

skin mechanoreceptors

secondary muscle spindles

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26
Q

A-delta fibers

A

coarse touch
temperature
sharp pain

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27
Q

C fibers

A

smallest, slowest
unmyelinated
affective touch
aching pain

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28
Q

location of afferent n. cell bodies

A

dorsal root ganglia

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29
Q

afferent n. enter at ___ horn

A

dorsal

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30
Q

gracile tract

A

carries afferents from below T6 (lower limbs and body)
more medial in spinal cord
DC-ML pathway

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31
Q

cuneate tract

A

carries afferents from above T6 (upper limbs and body)
more lateral in spinal cord
DC-ML pathway

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32
Q

first synapse gracile tract fibers

A

gracile nucleus

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33
Q

first synapse cuneate tract fibers

A

cuneate nucleus

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34
Q

second order DC-ML afferent n. form ___

A

internal arcuate fibers of caudal medulla

decussates to medial lemniscus

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35
Q

second order DC-ML afferent n. terminate in

A

ventral posterior lateral (VPL) nucleus of thalamus

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36
Q

VPL neurons project to

A

primary somatic sensory cortex

via posterior limb of internal capsule

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37
Q

lassauer’s tract

A

carries first order sensory discriminative afferents

key component of central pain pathways

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38
Q

spinothalamic tract

A

carries second order sensory discriminative afferents

central pain pathway

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39
Q

spinothalamic tract n. terminate in

A

VPL of thalamus

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40
Q

DC-ML pathway senses ___

A

light touch
vibration
2 point discrimination
position

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41
Q

spinothalamic pathway senses

A

pain
temperature
coarse touch

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42
Q

periacqueductal gray

A

one of key regions in affective-motivational component of pain (i.e. descending control)

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43
Q

Golgi tendon organ

A

lie between group of muscle fibers and tendon

sense muscle tension

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44
Q

autogenic inhibition

A

negative feedback loop to control muscle tension

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45
Q

corticospinal tract

A

~85% of descending motor control

location in spinal cord:
- lateral

fx:

  • isolated, skilled movement of digits
  • voluntary, goal-directed, skilled movement

pathway:

  • cell body: primary motor cortex
  • thru posterior limb of internal capsule
  • cerebral peduncles
  • to corticospinal and corticobulbar tracts
  • thru pyramids of medulla
  • pyramidal decussation
  • crossed fibers –> lateral corticospinal tract, others to anterior
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46
Q

rubrospinal tract

A

location in spinal cord:

  • lateral
  • adjacent to corticospinal tract

fx:
- flexor and distal muscle of upper limbs

pathway:

  • cell bodies: red nucleus (midbrain)
  • immediate decussation
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47
Q

reticulospinal and vestibulospinal tract

A

location in spinal cord:
- medial

fx:

  • extensor muscles
  • automatic control of posture and balance
  • proximal/axial musculature
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48
Q

decussation of corticospinal tract

A

pyramids of medulla

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49
Q

in corticospinal tract legs are more ___ (position in spinal cord) and arms are more ___

A 
legs = lateral
arms = more medial
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50
Q

decussation of rubrospinal tract

A

immediate (red nucleus, midbrain)

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51
Q

location of CN nuclei

A

brainstem

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52
Q

CN III fx

A

oculomotor:

  • superior rectus (up)
  • inferior rectus (down)
  • medial rectus (aDduction/medial)
  • inferior oblique (extortion)
  • levator palpeerde superioris (raise eyelid)

Edinger-Westphal nucleus:

  • pupil constriction
  • lens accommodation
  • ipsilateral
  • L lesion affects L eye
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53
Q

CN III origin

A

oculomotor nucleus

rostral midbrain

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54
Q

pupillary light reflex

A

light in one eye –> constriction in both eyes

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55
Q

CN IV fx

A

superior oblique

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56
Q

CN IV origin

A

caudal midbrain
immediate decussation
exits dorsally

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57
Q

CN VI fx

A

lateral rectus (aBduction)

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58
Q

CN VI origin

A

caudal pons

aBducens nuclei

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59
Q

CN V fx, nuclei

A

fine touch and proprioception from face
- sensory nucleus/main nucleus

pain, temperature, coarse touch from face
- spinal nucleus of trigeminal complex

mastication, middle ear muscle (tensor tympani)

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60
Q

CN V divisions

A

V1: opthalmic
V2: maxillary
V3: mandibular

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61
Q

CN VII fx, nuclei (there are 3)

A

taste (anterior 2/3 of tongue)
- nucleus of solitary tract

facial expression
- facial nucleus

salivary and other glands/membranes
- superior salivary nucleus

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62
Q

CN IX fx, nucleus

A
  • glossopharyngeal
  • carotid body
  • sensory from oral and nasal cavities
  • taste from posterior 1/3 of tongue
  • motor control of stylopharyngeus
  • – nucleus ambiguus
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63
Q

CN X fx, nuclei (there are 3)

A

autonomic motor

  • dorsal motor nucleus of vagus
  • incl most muscles of palate, pharynx, and larynx
  • – this is from nucleus ambiguus

visceral sensory

  • nucleus of solitary tract
  • incl taste from epiglottis and larynx
  • incl chemo- and pressure receptors from aortic arch
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64
Q

CN XI fx, nucleus

A

motor control of SCM and trapezius

  • LMNs in ventral horn of spinal cord
  • origin in (very) caudal medulla
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65
Q

CN XII fx, nucleus

A
  • intrinsic muscles of tongue

- Hypoglossal nucleus

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66
Q

gracile nucleus

A
  • tactile from lower half of body

location
- caudal medulla (closed)

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67
Q

cuneate nucleus

A
  • tactile from upper half of body

location
- caudal medulla (closed)

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68
Q

medial lemiscus

A
  • tactile from gracile and cuneate nuclei (whole body)
  • contralateral

location

  • caudal medulla (closed)
  • rostral medulla (open)
  • caudal pons
  • rostral pons
  • caudal midbrain
  • rostral midbrain
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69
Q

anterolateral tract

A
  • pain from body

location

  • caudal medulla (closed)
  • rostral medulla (open)
  • caudal pons
  • rostral pons
  • caudal midbrain
  • rostral midbrain
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70
Q

spinal nucleus of trigeminal

A

pain from face

location

  • caudal medulla (closed)
  • rostral medulla (open)
  • caudal pons
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71
Q

nucleus ambiguus

A
  • motor neurons of pharynx and larynx
  • shared b/w CN IX and X

location
- caudal medulla (closed)

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72
Q

corticospinal tract

A

motor information to body

location
- caudal medulla (closed)

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73
Q

rostral nucleus of solitary tract

A
  • taste
  • shared among CN VII, IX, and X

location

  • caudal medulla (closed)
  • rostral medulla (open)
74
Q

caudal nucleus of solitary tract

A
  • visceral receptors for cardio and respiratory reflexes
  • shared CN IX (carotid body) and X (aortic arch)

location

  • caudal medulla (closed)
  • rostral medulla (open)
75
Q

dorsal motor nucleus of vagus

A
  • thoracic and abdominal viscera
  • para pre

location

  • caudal medulla (closed)
  • rostral medulla (open)
76
Q

hypoglossal nucleus

A

motor neurons of tongue

location

  • caudal medulla (closed)
  • rostral medulla (open)
77
Q

medial longitudinal fasiculus (MLF)

A
  • oculomotor connections
  • tectospinal and medial vestibulospinal tracts
  • CN XI

location

  • caudal medulla (closed)
  • rostral medulla (open)
  • caudal pons
  • rostral pons
  • caudal midbrain
  • rostral midbrain
78
Q

vestibular nuclei

A

proprioception
- linear and angular acceleration info from CN XIII

location

  • rostral medulla (open)
  • caudal pons
79
Q

inferior cerebellar peduncle

A
  • input to cerebellum
  • from posterior spinocerebellar tract and medulla
  • some output to medulla

location
- rostral medulla (open)

80
Q

inferior olivary nucleus

A
  • input to cerebellum

location
- rostral medulla (open)

81
Q

cochlear nuclei

A
  • auditory info from CN VIII

location
- rostral medulla (open)

82
Q

sensory nucleus of trigeminal

A

tactile from face
CN V

location
- caudal pons

83
Q

motor nucleus of trigeminal

A

motor neurons for mastication

location
- caudal pons

84
Q

middle cerebellar peduncle

A
  • main input to cerebellum
  • from pontine nuclei

location
- caudal pons

85
Q

pontine nuclei

A
  • input from ipsilateral corticopontine fibers
  • to contralateral cerebella via pontocerebellar fibers

location

  • caudal pons
  • rostral pons
  • caudal midbrain
86
Q

corticobulbar fibers

A
  • motor information to medulla

location

  • caudal pons
  • rostral pons
87
Q

corticospinal fibers

A
  • motor info to body

location

  • caudal pons
  • rostral pons
88
Q

aBducens nucleus

A
  • motor to lateral rectus (CN VI)

location
- caudal pons

89
Q

facial nucleus

A

motor to face (CN VII)

location
- caudal pons

90
Q

superior olivary nucleus

A

first step of auditory processing from cochlear nucleus

location
- caudal pons

91
Q

superior cerebellar peduncle

A
  • main output from cerebellum
  • to thalamus and red nucleus

location

  • rostral pons
  • caudal midbrain (decussation)
  • rostral midbrain
92
Q

lateral lemniscus

A
  • auditory info from cochlear and superior olivary nuclei

location

  • rostral pons
  • caudal midbrain
93
Q

decussation of trochlear nerve

A

Immediate

motor to superior oblique (crossing over point)

location
- rostral pons

94
Q

inferior colliculus

A
  • second step of auditory processing
  • from lateral lemniscus

location
- caudal midbrain

95
Q

cerebral peduncle (what fibers/tracts)

A
  • corticopontine, corticobulbar, and corticospinal fibers

location

  • caudal midbrain
  • rostral midbrain
96
Q

periaqueductal gray

A
  • descending control of pain
  • etc.

location

  • caudal midbrain
  • rostral midbrain
97
Q

trochlear nucleus

A

motor to superior oblique (CN IV)

location
- caudal midbrain

98
Q

decussation of superior cerebellar peduncle

A

Level of inferior colliculi

  • crossing over of main output of cerebellum
  • to thalamus and red nucleus

location
- caudal midbrain

99
Q

superior colliculus

A
  • shift of gaze (head and eyes)
  • attention

location
- rostral midbrain

100
Q

brachium of inferior colliculus to and from

A
  • auditory from inferior colliculus
  • to medial geniculate nucleus

location
- rostral midbrain

101
Q

substantia nigra and its parts

A
  • part of basal ganglia
  • compact part: dopaminergic neurons to striatum
  • reticular part: from striatum to thalamus
  • damaged in PD

location
- rostral midbrain

102
Q

edinger-westphal nucleus

A

para pre neurons for pupil constriction

location
- rostral midbrain

103
Q

oculomotor nucleus

A

motor to superior rectus, inferior rectus, medial rectus, inferior oblique (CN III)

location
- rostral midbrain

104
Q

red nucleus

A
  • motor control via inferior olivary nucleus and rubrospinal tract

location
- rostral midbrain

105
Q

ventral tegmental area

A
  • reward and reinforcement of behavior

location
- rostral midbrain

106
Q

mechanisms of regulation of regional cerebral blood flow (rCBF)

A
  1. metabolic coupling
    - need for O2 and glucose (metabolic demand) increases volume of blood flow
  2. PaCO2
    - increase –> vasodilation
  3. cerebral perfusion pressure
    - differential to MAP
    - autoregulated to maintain a more consistent pressure vs MAP, between ~70 and 140 MAP
  4. neural control
    - intrinsic and extrinsic
107
Q

components of BBB

A
  • endothelial cells w/ tight junctions
  • basal lamina = ECM connecting endothelial cells to astrocytes
  • astrocytic end feet: biochemical support to endothelial cells
  • pericytes: wrap around endothelial cells, structural support and vasodynamic capacity to microvasculature
108
Q

mx of BBB regulation

A
  • enzymes on cell surface inactivate many drugs
  • tight junctions restrict paracellular diffusion
  • located at both endothelial cells and epithelial cell surface of choroid plexus
109
Q

immune recruitment to CNS

A
  • immune cells have components that can break down BBB
  • paracellular and transcellular
  • shown in many neuro disorders incl MS, stroke
110
Q

reticular formation

A
  • not a nucleus or tract
  • central core of brainstem from midbrain to medulla
  • heterogenous cluster of neurons make net-like (reticular) appearance
  • neurons can have long-range projections thru brain and spinal cord

fx:

  • modulate excitability of distant neurons
  • arousal and consciousness
  • pain pathways
  • gaze control
  • respiration
  • sneezing
  • swallowing (includes nucleus ambiguus)
  • control of movement - connections w/ spinal cord and cerebellum
111
Q

serotonergic system

A

fx:

  • depending control of pain
  • sleep-wake
  • affect

nuclei:
- raphe nuclei in brainstem

112
Q

noradrenergic system

A

fx:

  • attention and vigilance
  • sleep-wake

nuclei:

  • locus ceruleus
  • reticular formation
  • both in brainstem
113
Q

dopaminergic system

A

fx:

  • initiation and speed of movement
  • motivation, reward, reinforcement

nuclei:

  • substantia nigra
  • ventral tegmental area
  • both in midbrain
114
Q

reticular activating system

A

fx:
- maintaining consciousness (bilateral lesions –> coma)

nuclei:
- midbrain and rostral pontine tegmentum

115
Q

general cerebellar pathway

A
  • input >
  • thru cerebellar penduncle
  • cerebellar cortex
  • cerebellar nuclei
  • back thru cerebellar peduncles
  • > output

feedback loop - outputs to cortex tend to go back to sources

116
Q

cerebellar fx

A

detect and reduce discrepancy between intended and actual actions
mainly understood as involved in motor response, but likely involved in other actions as well

117
Q

anatomic divisions of cerebellum

A

lobe

  • lobule
    • folia (run width of cerebellum, give distinctive texture)
118
Q

is cerebellum ipsi or contralateral?

A

ipsilateral

119
Q

functional distribution cerebellum

A

name indicates input:

vestibulocerebellum: vestibular inputs (and outputs)
- inferior cerebellar peduncle (ICP) input and output
- balance
- posture
- head position
- reflexive eye movements

spinocerebellum: input from spine and vestibular system
- ICP input
- SCP and ICP output (mostly to thalamus via SCP)
- limb movement
- extremity muscle tone
- balance and posture during movement

cerebrocerebellum: input from cerebral cortex via pons
- MCP input
- SCP output
- output dentate nucleus –> thalamus –> cortex
- coordination of precise movements
- cognition, higher cortical processing

120
Q

deep cerebellar nuclei

A 
3x
contain most output of cerebellum
- fastigial from vermis
- interposed from intermediate zone
- dentate from cerebrocerebellum
121
Q

superior cerebellar peduncle

A

output to cortex via thalamus

decussates in midbrain

122
Q

middle cerebellar peduncle

A

input from cortex via pontine nuclei
pontocerebellar/transverse fibers
decussate before MCP

123
Q

inferior cerebellar peduncle

A

input from spine, medulla, vestibular system
output to brainstem nuclei
most ipsilateral

124
Q

purkinje cell

A

output cell of cerebellum
inhibitory
intrinsically active
inhibition –> target excitation

125
Q

vestibulocerebellum

A
  • vestibular inputs (and outputs)
  • inferior cerebellar peduncle (ICP) input and output
  • balance
  • posture
  • head position
  • reflexive eye movements
126
Q

spinocerebellum

A
  • input from spine and vestibular system
  • ICP input
  • SCP and ICP output (mostly to thalamus via SCP)
  • limb movement
  • extremity muscle tone
  • balance and posture during movement
127
Q

cerebrocerebellum

A
  • input from cerebral cortex via pons
  • MCP input
  • SCP output
  • output dentate nucleus –> thalamus –> cortex
  • coordination of precise movements
  • cognition, higher cortical processing
128
Q

ICP outputs of cerebellum

A
  • immediate need
  • vestibulospinal pathways: balance, posture
  • reticulospinal pathways: eye movement, stability, control during movement
129
Q

MCP outputs of cerebellum

A

none, input only (cortex > pons > cerebrocerebellum)

130
Q

SCP outputs of cerebellum

A
  • everything the ICP doesn’t
  • less immediate
  • voluntary gaze (superior colliculus)
  • other movements (thalamus > cortex)
  • non-motor (thalamus > cortex)
131
Q

red nucleus

A

feedback to inferior olivary nucleus

an SCP output of cerebellum

132
Q

superior colliculus

A

voluntary gaze

an SCP output of cerebellum

133
Q

basal ganglia fx

A

action production

motor processes, likely non-motor as well

134
Q

input basal ganglia

A

to striatum
from:
- excitatory: cerebral cortex
- dopaminergic: substantia nigra pars compacta (SNc), ventral tegmental area (VTA)

135
Q

output basal ganglia

A

to globus pallidus internal segment (GPi)

or substantia nigra pars reticularis (SNr)

136
Q

direct pathway basal ganglia

A

facilitates action

137
Q

indirect pathway basal ganglia

A

inhibits action

138
Q

GPi neurons are (excitatory/inhibitory) and (constitutively active/inactive)

A
  • inhibitory
  • constitutively active
  • “foot on the brake”
139
Q

STN neurons are (excitatory/inhibitory) and (constitutively active/inactive)

A
  • excitatory

- inactive at baseline

140
Q

dopamine receptors of direct and indirect pathways

A 
direct = excitatory (net effect) = D1
indirect = inhibitory = D2

dopamine facilitates action in both cases:

  • direct: increases drive
  • indirect: inhibits inhibitory D2 receptors –> increases drive
141
Q

posterior limb of internal capsule

A

white matter tract

contains most ascending and descending pathways

142
Q

anterior limb of internal capsule

A

white matter tract

contains only ascending and descending pathways going to/from frontal pole and medial prefrontal cortex

143
Q

semicircular canals

A

proprioception- angular acceleration

inner ear

144
Q

otolithic organs

A

proprioception - linear acceleration
utricle and saccule
inner ear

145
Q

endolymph

A

surrounds hair cells in cochlea

high K+ concentration (K+ influx depolarizes hair cell)

146
Q

ossicles

A

middle ear
bones
malleus, incus, stapes

147
Q

middle ear

A

ossicles

connection to Eustachian tube

148
Q

cochlear nuclei

A

carry info from one ear

only part of CNS auditory pathway that only contains info from one ear

149
Q

thalamus

A

relay station

plus other stuff

150
Q

supraoptic and paraventricular nuclei

A

produce ADH and oxytocin

hypothalamus

151
Q

preoptic nuclei

A

produce GnRH

hypothalamus

152
Q

suprachiasmatic nucleus

A

circadian rhythm

hypothalamus

153
Q

ventromedial nucleus

A

satiety

hypothalamus

154
Q

lateral nuclei

A

hunger

hypothalamus

155
Q

inputs to VPL

A

VPL = part of thalamus

  • spinothalamic tract
  • medial lemniscus
  • trigeminal lemniscus
156
Q

inputs to LG

A

LG = lateral geniculi = part of thalamus

  • optic tract
157
Q

inputs to MG

A

MG = medial geniculi = part of thalamus

  • inferior colliculus
  • lateral lemniscus
158
Q

anterior nucleus

A

thermoregulation

hypothalamus

159
Q

semicircular canals

A

angular acceleration
works by inertia of circulating fluid within the canals
opposite canals (e.g. left and right horizontal) act as push-pull

160
Q

otolithic organs

A

utricle and saccule
linear acceleration
mx similar to semicircular canals (inertia of fluid detected by hair cells) but anatomy/position better suited to detecting linear acceleration

also static tilt of head relative to gravity based on orientation of hair cells at rest

161
Q

proprioceptive pathways

A

sensory organs:

  • semicircular canals
  • otolithic organs - utricle and saccule

vestibular nuclei

  • inferior vn
  • medial vn
  • lateral vn
  • superior vn

outputs of vn:

  • cerebellum
  • lateral vestibulospinal tract (LVST)
  • medial VST (MVST)
  • reticular formation
  • thalamus
  • cortex
  • eye movement control nuclei
  • contralateral vestibular nuclei
162
Q

LVST

A

lateral vestibulospinal tract
cell bodies in lateral vestibular nucleus (LVN)
projects to IPSI-lateral spinal cord

  • balance and posture
    e. g. stumbling, feeling dizzy when you stop spinning
163
Q

MVST

A

medial vestibulospinal tract
cell bodies in MVN
projects BI-laterally to upper cervical cord

  • head position
164
Q

thalamus and cortex in proprioception

A

vestibular nuclei –> BI-laterally to thalamus –> parietal cortex

165
Q

step (eye movements)

A

sustained nerve activity/steady firing that maintains the eye in position

166
Q

pulse (eye movements)

A

burst of rapid nerve firing that moves the eye

167
Q

eye movement pathway

A 
paramedian pontine reticular formation (PPRF)
- abducens nucleus
superior colliculus
frontal eye field (cortex)
primary motor cortex

horizontal eye movements:
- pons
vertical eye movements
- midbrain

168
Q

saccadic eye movements

A 
bring object of interest onto fovea, e.g. scanning a text or image
2-3x/second
generally automatic, can be voluntary
"ballistic"
physiologic
169
Q

smooth pursuit eye movements

A

keep moving objects on fovea
driven by visual input
can be driven by *slow head movement
e.g. tracking moving finger, following car

170
Q

vergence eye movements

A

convergence or divergence

focuses/detects depth

171
Q

VOR

A

vestibulo-ocular reflex
coordinates ocular movement with proprioception
*keeps focus on one object/doll eyes
e.g. eyes move right when head moves left to keep looking “forward”

172
Q

nystagmus

A

can be physiologic or pathological

rapid, repeated eye movements

physiologic: if eye rotates too far in one direction, it springs to center
- also caloric nystagmus, which responds to change in temperature in one ear
pathologic: this happens too often/repeatedly; slow phase generally is the underlying disorder (e.g. eye drift)

directionality (L/R) defined by direction of fast phase (spring back)

173
Q

decussation of optic nerve / tract

A

partial decussation in optic chiasm

each cerebral hemisphere covers contralateral hemifield

  • L side of L eye (lateral) and L side of R eye (medial) both covered by R hemisphere
  • t/f lateral/temporal hemifield will be ipsilateral while medial/nasal hemifield will be contralateral
174
Q

pretectum

A

in midbrain

pupillary light reflex

175
Q

what makes aqueous humor (eye)

A

ciliary epithelium

176
Q

what controls accommodation (lens)

A

ciliary muscle

177
Q

flow of aqueous humor

A

produced: ciliary body
flow: pupil
exit: anterior chamber angle

angle closure –> extremely high IOP

178
Q

dopamine metabolism

A

DA –> DOPAC via MAO

DOPAC –> HVA (end-product) via COMT

179
Q

activating dopamine receptors

A

D1, D5

180
Q

inhibitory dopamine receptors

A

D2-4

SFM6 (10 decks)

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