CNS Organization 2

Question 1

6 hypothalamic nuclei

Answer 1

supraoptic, paraventricular, arcuate (DA), suprachiasmatic (circadian), anterior hypothalamic (thermoregulation), tuberomammillary (histamine)

Question 2

posterior pituitary: aka? what to things released from where? into where?

Answer 2

neurohypophysis. oxytocin + vasopressin/ADH released from magnocellular neurons. directly into circulation.

Question 3

which nuclei for oxytocin vs. vasopressin?

Answer 3

SON = oxytocin. PVN = ADH. both are magnocellular neurons.

Question 4

anterior pituitary: aka? neurons secrete hormones into? effect? type of neurons?

Answer 4

adenohypophysis. neurons secrete hormones into circulation that release other hormones from anterior pituitary. parvocellular neurons.

Question 5

paraventricular nucleus: controls what 3 axes?

Answer 5

HPA: hypothalamo-pituitary adrenal axis. hypothalamoneurohypophyseal axis. neural output: sympathetic and parasympathetic.

Question 6

what is the HPA axis

Answer 6

adrenal: hypothlamus releases CRH, anterior pituitary releases ACTH, adrenal cortex releases corticosteroids

Question 7

suprachiasmatic nucleus regulates? what NT and its cycle?

Answer 7

circadian rhythm: GABA increases AP frequency during daytime, decreases it at night (GABA during day = depolarization, GABA at night = hyperpolarization)

Question 8

suprachiasmatic nucleus: how does GABA have different effects?

Answer 8

changes in Cl- equilibrium potential, perhaps due to altered Cl- pump activity: KCC2 normally pumps Cl out is active during night, turned off during the day

Question 9

suprachiasmatic nucleus: Cl levels during day vs. night

Answer 9

day: Cl- levels high inside cells, GABA = Cl- leaves = excitation. night: Cl- levels low so GABA = Cl- in, hyperpolarization

Question 10

6 autonomic hypothalamic functions? input from? (2)

Answer 10

feeding. memory. reproductive activity. regulation of ant pit. thermoregulation. thirst. input from higher centres + limbic system.

Question 11

circumventricular organs: special because? found where?

Answer 11

lack BBB = allow access of blood bourne molecules, cytokines, hormones to brain. found on surface of ventricular system

Question 12

3 examples of circumventricular organs

Answer 12

median eminence. area postrema. subfornical organ.

Question 13

blood brain barrier: made from?

Answer 13

tight junctions, endothelial cells

Question 14

blood brain barriers: lets what through?

Answer 14

sugars, amino acids, lipophilic molecules

Question 15

panic disorder: example of symptoms?

Answer 15

tachycardia, dizziness, trembling, fear, sweating, chest pain, nausea, chills, hot flushes

Question 16

panic disorder: ex of what it can be triggered by

Answer 16

increased CO2, caffeine, amygdala (fear/anxiety)