CNS Motor Flashcards
What is consciousness?
The level of arousal (awake, sleep)
What are the 2 ways of measuring consciousness?
With behaviour and brain activity
What is conscious experience?
Thoughts, feelings, desires, ideas, etc
Brain activity to determine consciousness is measured using […]
EEG
What does the EEG measure specifically?
The neuronal activities of neurons located near the scalp in the grey matter of the cortex
In an EEG, frequency is related to […] and amplitude is related to […]
Levels of responsiveness (state of concsiousness)
Synchronous neural activity
How can you tell when a seizure is occurring from an EEG?
The activity is VERY synchronized (Big amplitude)
How will an EEG differ between when an individual is relaxed and when an individual is alert?
When relaxed, an EEG will have slow frequencies and higher amplitudes Whereas an alert individual will have fast frequencies and lower amplitudes
When an individual is awake, their EEGs have a […] amplitude and a […] frequency.
low
fast
When an individual is relaxed with their eyes closed, the EEG pattern produced is called […]
Alpha rythm
When an individual is alert, the EEG pattern produced is called […]
Beta rythm
Describe how EEGs change as you go through different stages of sleep.
You start with an awake state (low amplitudes, high frequencies) and slowly, the amplitudes get higher and the frequencies slower. Until you reach the REM which is equivelant to being awake
Describe the sequence of a sleep cycle.
Stages: 1 -> 2 -> 3 -> 4 -> 3 -> 2 -> 1 -> REM -> 1…
In REM sleep, name 4 physiological differences from the rest of the sleep cycles.
- Increased eye movement
- Increased inhibition of skeletal muscles
- Increased heart rate
- increased respiration
What is sleep apnea? Describe its cause.
when there is a sudden reduction of respiration during sleep. often cause by relaxed skeletal muscles of the tongue that block the airways
What are the 3 major regions of the brain responsible for circadian rhythm?
Hypothalamus (preoptic area and Suprachiasmic nucleus)
Reticular activationg system
When you are awake, […] neurons are active.
Aminergic
When you are asleep, […] neurons are active.
Cholinergic
When you’re awake, describe the activity of the reticular activating system and the hypothalamus.
- There is a release of Neurotransmitters (norepinephrine and serotonin) by the reticular activation system which decreases acetylcholine
- There is less GABA so more histamine is released which activates the thalamus and cortex by the Hypothalamus
When you’re asleep, describe the activity of the reticular activating system and the hypothalamus.
- There is an increase in GABA release by the hypothalamus which reduces histamine release and decreases thalamus and cortex activity
- There is less norepinephrine and serotonin released by the reticular activating system which increases acetylcholine
What is motivation?
it produces goal directed behaviours
The motivational pathway is called the […]
Mesolimbic dopamine pathway
What is the major neurotransmitter involved in motivation?
Dopamine
How do drugs take advantage of the mesolimbic dopamine pathway?
They activate the pathway and make the behaviour enjoyable