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CNS > CNS Exam 1 > Flashcards

CNS Exam 1 Flashcards

1
Q

What is nervous system dominant in? (3 things)

A

coordination
Association
Integration

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2
Q

What 2 things can’t the nervous system store?

A

oxygen/glucose

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3
Q

How many cranial nerve pairs in PNS?

A

12

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4
Q

How many spinal nerve pairs in PNS?

A

31

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5
Q

What does the somatic NS innervate?

A

skeletal muscles (voluntary)

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6
Q

What does the Autonomic/Visceral NS innervate?

A

glands, smooth and cardiac muscles (involuntary)

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7
Q

What is the Parasympathetic NS?

A

rest and digest

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8
Q

What makes up the Craniosacral subdivision?

A

CN: 3, 7, 9, 10
SN: 2, 3, 4

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9
Q

What is the sympathetic NS?

A

fight or flight

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10
Q

What makes up the Thoracolumbar subdision?

A

T1 - L2

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11
Q

What do neuroblasts give rise to?

A

neurons

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12
Q

What do glioblast cells give rise to?

A

astrocytes and oligodendrocytes

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13
Q

What do glioblast cells play a role in?

A

structural support

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14
Q

Most numerous cell of the adult CNS?

A

astrocytes

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15
Q

What is the function of astrocytes?

A

form scar tissue during injury

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16
Q

2 types of astrocytes

A

protoplasmic and fibrous

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17
Q

What astrocytes are found in grey matter?

A

protoplasmic

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18
Q

What astrocytes are found in white matter?

A

fibrous

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19
Q

2 types of oligodendrocytes

A

perineuronal sattelites and interfascicular

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20
Q

Where are perineuronal satellites Oligodendrocytes found and what is there function?

A

found in gray matter;

nutrition storage

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21
Q

Where are interfascicular Oligodendrocytes found and what is there function?

A

found in white matter; form myelin around axons in CNS.

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22
Q

What cells line the central canal and ventricles of CNS?

A

ependymal cells

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23
Q

What serve as a leaky barrier between CSF and CNS parenchyma

A

ependymal cells

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24
Q

Ependymal cells secrete CSF and form the…

A

choroid plexus

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25
Q

Where are tanycytes located?

A

in the 3rd ventricle

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26
Q

What is the most common primary brain tumor?

A

astrocytoma

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27
Q

What is the most lethal primary brain tumor?

A

glioblastoma

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28
Q

What primary brain tumors restrict flow of CSF?

A

ependymoma

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29
Q

What is the function of Microglia?

A

phagocytic, responsible for clearing dead and damaged tissue

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30
Q

What does the neural crest tissue give rise to?

A

PNS structures

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31
Q

What do neuroblasts depend on to guide them as they migrate through the CNS

A

glial cells (astrocytes)

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32
Q

What neurons carry visceral or somatic sensory info?

A

unipolar

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33
Q

Where are unipolar neurons found?

A

in dorsal root ganglian

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34
Q

What neurons are associated with special sense structures?

A

bipolar

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35
Q

How many axons can a neuron have?

A

only 1!

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36
Q

What direction do sensory neurons carry info?

A

toward CNS

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37
Q

What direction do motor neurons carry info?

A

away from the CNS

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38
Q

neuron that runs between equivalent structures on opposite sides of the CNS

A

commissural

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39
Q

neuron that begins in one structure and terminates in a different structure of the CNS

A

projection

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40
Q

neuron in the spinal cord that begins and ends at the same  cord level

A

intra segmental

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41
Q

neuron in the spinal cord that begins at one cord level and  terminates at another cord level    

A

inter segmental

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42
Q

3 types of structures that meet to form a synapse in the CNS?

A

axoaxonic
axodendritic
axosomatic

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43
Q

What do axoaxonic structures connect to?

A

axon

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44
Q

What do axodendritic structures connect to?

A

dendrites

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45
Q

What do axosomatic structures connect to?

A

axosomatic

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46
Q

Nissl bodies respond quickly and appear to dissolve but really the bodies are just dispersed and this is known as

A

chromatolysis

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47
Q

fragmentation of the golgi apparatus under injured conditions

A

retispersion

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48
Q

What is the function of microtubules?

A

help maintain cell shape

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49
Q

What direction is slow transport?

A

anterograde

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50
Q

What is the speed of slow transport directly related to?

A

axon length

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51
Q

Does slow transport need ATP?

A

no

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52
Q

What direction does fast transport occur?

A

anterograde or retrograde

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53
Q

What molecules do slow transport carry?

A

protein building blocks

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54
Q

What molecules do fast transport carry?

A

synaptic vessicels and lysosomes

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55
Q

What is fast transport related to?

A

not axon length but energy denpendent

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56
Q

anatomical and functional unit of the nervous system?

A

neuron

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57
Q

an extension of the neuron away from its cell body

A

neuron process

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58
Q

a neuron process conducting an impulse (charge) toward the cell body (can be several dendrites)

A

dendrite

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59
Q

single neuron process carrying the impulse (charge) away from the cell body toward a synaptic or neuromuscular junction

A

axon

60
Q

a raised area of the cell body from which an axon arises; in the CNS most action potentials are initiated here

A

axon hillock

61
Q

a dominantly long process, if present, of a neuron.  Usually an axon but can be a dendrite too

A

nerve fiber

62
Q

Where can myelin covers be found

A

both PNS and CNS fibers

63
Q

When myelin cover is present where it only covers…

A

long process (fibers)

64
Q

What is the minimal diameter size an axon needs to be in order to be myelinated?

A

greater than 2 microns

65
Q

What nerve fibers have Schwann cells?

A

every PNS

66
Q

If fibers have Schwann cells are they myelinated?

A

no

67
Q

where one Schwann covering cell meets another

A

internodes

68
Q

What Mesodermally derived connective tissue is high vascular and next to the neuron?

A

endoneurium

69
Q

What Mesodermally derived connective tissue is virtually inelastic and continuous w/ the dura matter?

A

epineurium

70
Q

What Mesodermally derived connective tissue is the most elastic and becomes continuous with the pia and arachnoid?

A

perineurium

71
Q

What is the virtually inelastic outer coat of a nerve?

A

epineurium

72
Q

What is the thickest and outermost of the meninges?

A

dura mater

73
Q

What are the 2 layers of the cranial vault?

A

endosteal dura and meningeal dura

74
Q

What is the outer highly vascular dura layer which serves as a periosteum to the cranial bones?

A

endosteal dura

75
Q

What is the inner more fibrous layer of the dura?

A

meningeal dura

76
Q

How many dura layers are in the vertebral canal?

A

only 1 (the meningeal dura)

77
Q

What is the potential space?

A

real space

78
Q

where is the epidural space created?

A

along the vertebral canal

79
Q

What is the epidural space filed with?

A

areolor and adipose connective tissue

80
Q

Where is the internal vertebral venous plexus?

A

epidural space

81
Q

How is the dura attached w/in the vertebral canal?

A

fused from rim of foramen magnum thru filum terminale

then, from lower sacrum to first to coccygeal segment.

82
Q

what are meningovertebral ligaments?

A

dura making attachment into ligaments or periosteum of:
the axis,
lower cervical and occasionally thoracic vertebarae

83
Q

What is the double layer or meningeal dura extending into a few fissures of the brain?

A

dural falces

84
Q

What 2 flexures are present before the 3rd and 4th weeks of development

A

cervical and cephalic

85
Q

What is located in the great longitudinal cerebral fissure between the Rt/Lt cerebral hemisphere?

A

Falx Cerebri

86
Q

Where the meningeal dura dips between the cerebellar hemispheres in the posterior cerebellar notch

A

falx cerebelli

87
Q

paired structure with a right and left extension

A

tentorium cerebelli

88
Q

The opening left in the middle between Lt. and Rt. tentorial wings is called the…

A

tentorial hiatus

89
Q

The tentoria are actually located in the ___ ___ fissure

A

transverse cerebral

90
Q

Meningeal dura that forms a “roof” over the sella turcica

A

diaphragma sellae

91
Q

The dura and cephalgia (headache) are associated with what?

A

dura vascular tissue

92
Q

Is the arachnoid mater vascular?

A

non-vascular

93
Q

Does the arachnoid matter dip into fissures or sulci?

A

no

94
Q

Is the dura mater a real or potential space?

A

potential space

95
Q

Is the subdural space a real or potential space?

A

real space

96
Q

Is the arachnoid trabeculae a real or potential space?

A

real space

97
Q

Is the subarachnoid space a real or potential space?

A

real space

98
Q

What does the arachnoid villi allow int the blood stream?

A

CSF

99
Q

What is the largest cranial cistern?

A

cerebellomedullary cistern

100
Q

The pontine cistern is the anterior aspect of what?

A

the pons

101
Q

What are the pair of openings that enter the Pontine Cistern laterally through the 4th ventricle?

A

lateral foramina of Luschka

102
Q

What is the largest cistern of the body?

A

lumbar cistern

103
Q

What do arachnoid villi become when calcified?

A

pacchionian bodies

104
Q

What do the arachnoid villi facilitate?

A

csf transportation

105
Q

What is the function of the arachnoid villi?

A

allows used CSF to be removed from the subarachnoid space

106
Q

Does the pia dip into all fissures and sulci of the brain and cord

A

yes

107
Q

The denticulate ligaments in the vertebral canal are formed by…

A

pia

108
Q

the filum terminale internum is formed primarily by…

A

outer pial layer

109
Q

What is the space found between the pia and the blood vessel.

A

perivascular space

110
Q

collection of blood between the skull and the periosteal dura

A

epidural hematoma

111
Q

collection of blood between meningeal dura and arachnoid

A

subdural hematoma

112
Q

What is the symptom of a non-traumatic subarachnoid hemorrhage?

A

worst headache of my life

113
Q

Approximately ___ ml of blood is perfused through the brain each minute?

A

800 ml

114
Q

80% of stroke cases patients have already reported signs of….

A

TIA’s

115
Q

What brain arteries are the most commonly reported sites for strokes?

A

middle cerebral artery

116
Q

What arteries supply the majority of blood to the brain?

A

internal carotid arteries

117
Q

the most common brain anomalies involve what artery?

A

anterior communicating artery

118
Q

What is the most stable side of the cerebral arterial circle ?

A

left internal carotid artery

119
Q

What does the anterior cerebral blood vessel distribution supply?

A

frontal & longitudinal fissure and parietal & frontal lobe

120
Q

What does the middle cerebral blood vessel distribution supply?

A

lateral aspect of all 4 lobes

121
Q

What does the posterior cerebral blood vessel pattern supply?

A

occipital and medial temporal lobes

122
Q

What small artery sends nearly 200 branches into the ventral aspect of the cord?

A

Anteromedial Longitudinal Artery Trunk (AMLAT)

123
Q

How do the PLLAT and AMLAT enter the various vertebral levels?

A

via the IVF

124
Q

What vessels supply the most blood to the cord?

A

AMLAT and PLLAT

125
Q

What are the few areas of the cord that are particularly vulnerable due to minimal anastosomoses between vessels?

A

posterior surface of T1-3 and anterior surface near T4 and L1.

126
Q

Veins lack valves with the exception of which one?

A

vasa vasorum

127
Q

Are extremely dense capillary beds found in either gray or white matter?

A

gray matter

128
Q

How much blood is normally present in the brain?

A

75 ml

129
Q

What is the most common capillary type?

A

continuous capillary

130
Q

Name 1 of 6 specialized areas of the CNS are not in continuous / in tact with BBB?

A

pineal body, infundibular stalk, choroid plexus, supraoptic crest, area postrema, and subfornical organ

131
Q

Name a substance that can cross the BBB.

A

caffeine, alcohol, cocaine, nicotene, vitamin B6&12, & L-Dopa

132
Q

Name a substance that does not cross the BBB.

A

dopamine and botox

133
Q

Do venules and veins of the CNS follow the same course the arteries and arterioles follow?

A

no

134
Q

Most cerebral veins penetrate the ____ and ___ to drain into the dural venous sinuses.

A

arachnoid mater and meningeal dura

135
Q

many dural venous sinues reveive blood from the scalp via ___ and surrounding bone via ____.

A

emissary veins

diploic veins

136
Q

Vault drainage of dural venous sinus blood is in the Rt. or Lt. _____ veins at the jugular foramina.

A

internal jugular

137
Q

What is the path of blood flow through the dural venous sinus?

A 
[DOWN AND TO THE RIGHT]
Superior Sagital D.V.S.
Confluence of Sinuses
Transverse D.V.S.
Sigmoid DVS
138
Q

Most blood in this sinus flows into the right transverse dural venous sinus after passing through the ….

A

confluens sinuum

139
Q

Most used CSF in the subarachnoid space enters the DVS through penetrating…

A

arachnoid villi

140
Q

The inferior sagital dvs runs along the posterior 2/3 of the….

A

falx cerebri

141
Q

Middle ear veins penetrate into the vault and drain into the ____ sinus.

A

superior petrosal sinuses

142
Q

How does the 3rd ventricle connect to the 4th ventricle?

A

via cerebral aquaduct

143
Q

What are the 5 openings of the 4th ventricle?

A 
cerebral aquaduct
central canal
median foramen
right lateral foramen
left lateral foramen
144
Q

name a function of the CSF?

A

shock absorber and buoyancy

145
Q

At any one moment an individual will have how much CSF in their body?

A

80-150 ml

CNS (4 decks)

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