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BRS - Neuro > CNS > Flashcards

CNS Flashcards

1
Q

What does the limbic lobe/system consist of?

A

→ amygdala,
→ hippocampus,
→ mamillary body,
→ cingulate gyrus

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2
Q

What is the limbic lobe concerned with?

A

Concerned with learning, memory, emotion, motivation and reward

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3
Q

Where is the insular cortex/lobe found?

A

Deep within the lateral fissure

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4
Q

What is the insular cortex/lobe?

A

Concerned with visceral sensations, autonomic control, and interoception, auditory processing, visual-vestibular integration

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5
Q

How many pairs of nerves originate from the spinal chord?

A

31

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6
Q

What are the 5 different classes of nerves in the spinal chord? Superior to inferior?

A 
→ cervical
→ thoracic
→ lumbar
→ sacral
→ coccygeal
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7
Q

How many pairs of cervical nerves?

A

8

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8
Q

How many thoracic pairs of nerves?

A

12

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9
Q

How many lumbar pairs of nerves?

A

5

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10
Q

How many sacral pairs of nerves?

A

5

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11
Q

How many coccygeal pairs of nerves?

A

1

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12
Q

Where do these nerves emerge from?

A

intervertebral foramina

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13
Q

What nerves emerge from above the vertebrae?

A

C1-C7

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14
Q

What nerves emerge from below the vertebrae?

A

C8-Co1

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15
Q

Where down the spinal chord is there enlargement?

A

→ cervical enlargement from C3-T1

→ lumbar enlargement from L1 to S2

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16
Q

Why does the spinal chord have certain areas of enlargement?

A

innervation of the upper + lower limbs

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17
Q

What is the major descending pathway responsible for voluntary movement?

A

Corticospinal tract

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18
Q

What are the major ascending pathways for sensation?

A

Dorsal column pathway + spinothalamic tract

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19
Q

What is the corticospinal tract composed of?

A

→ upper motor neurones in primary motor cortex

→ lower motor neurones in brainstem (going to head + neck muscles) + spinal cord (going to muscles of trunk + limbs)

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20
Q

What kind of sensation is the dorsal column pathway responsible for?

A

fine touch, vibration, pressure and proprioception (position) from the skin and joints

21
Q

What kind of sensation is the spinothalamic tract responsible for?

A

pain, temperature (and crude touch) from the skin

22
Q

What is the main difference between the lateral and ventral spinothalamic tracts?

A 
Lateral = paint + temperature
Ventral = crude touch
23
Q

How are the lateral + anterior/ventral corticospinal tracts formed?

A

→ Approx. 85% of fibres decussate in medulla to form the lateral corticospinal tract
→ rest of the 15% of fibres continue down + form anterior/ ventral corticospinal tract

24
Q

What does the lateral corticospinal tract usually control?

A

Voluntary movement in limbs + digits.

25
Q

What does the lateral corticospinal tract usually control?

A

Voluntary movement in trunk, shoulder + neck muscles

26
Q

Where does the anterior corticospinal tract decussate?

A

Doesn’t, stays ipsilateral but decusrates at the level of the spinal nerve at which each pair exits.

27
Q

What is the Corticobulbulbar tract?

A

Pathway from the Primary motor cortex to the muscles of the face.

28
Q

What does the corticobulbar tract consist of?

A

upper motor neurons of the cranial nerves

29
Q

What does the corticobulbar tract do?

A

→ controls muscles of face, head + neck, terminates on motor neurons within brainstem motor nuclei.
→ directly innervates the nuclei for cranial nerves V, VII, IX, and XII

30
Q

Does the corticobulbar tract decussate?

A

50% of corticobulbar tract would decussate, above each relevant nuclei

31
Q

Name 4 other brainstem motor tracts.

A

→ Vestibulospinal
→ Tectospinal
→ Reticulospinal
→ Rubrospinal

32
Q

What does the vestibulospinal tract do?

A

provides information about head movement + position and mediates postural adjustments

33
Q

What does the Tectospinal tract do?

A

orientation of the head neck during eye movements

34
Q

What does the reticulospinal tract do?

A

controls breathingand emotional motor function

35
Q

What does the rubrospinal tract do?

A

innervates lower motor neurones of the upper limb

36
Q

How do nerve fibres enter the dorsal column pathway?

A

Via the dorsal horn

37
Q

What 2 tracts can the dorsal column pathway be divided into?

A

→ gracile tract (most medial)

→ cuneate tract (more lateral)

38
Q

What information is conveyed ipsilaterally through the gracile tract?

A

Info from lower limbs + body below T6

39
Q

What information is conveyed ipsilaterally through the cuneate tract?

A

Info from upper limbs + body above T6

40
Q

Where does the dorsal column pathway first synapse?

A

In the medulla

41
Q

Where are the 2nd order axons of the dorsal column pathway? Do they decussate?

A

Through the medulla, decussate in the caudal medulla to form the contralateral medial lemniscus tract

42
Q

What is the contralateral medial lemniscus tract?

A

Tract formed after the dorsal column pathway decussates in the caudal medulla

43
Q

Where are the 2nd synapses of the dorsal column pathway?

A

In the thalamus

44
Q

Where are the 3rd order axons of the dorsal column pathway?

A

Project from thalamus to somatosensory cortex

45
Q

What is the size of each somatotopic area in the Somatosensory cortex proportional to?

A

Density of sensory receptors in that body region

46
Q

Where are the 1st synapses of the spinothalamic tracts?

A

In the dorsal horn upon entering the spinal chord

47
Q

Where do the spinothalamic tracts decussate?

A

2nd order neurones decussate immediately when entering the spinal chord to form the spinothalamic tract

48
Q

Where are the 2nd synapses of the spinothalamic tracts?

A

in the thalamus

49
Q

Where are the 3rd order axons of the spinothalamic tracts?

A

projects to the somatosensory cortex from the thalamus

BRS - Neuro (10 decks)

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