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BRS - Neurology and neuroscience > CNS > Flashcards

CNS Flashcards

1
Q

What are the 2 things make up the CNS?

A

Brain and spinal cord

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2
Q

What is the PNS composed of?

A

Composed of nerves (cranial and spinal) and ganglia outside brain and spinal cord

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3
Q

3 parts of the brain?

A

Forebrain - cerebral hemispheres and diencephalon
Midbrain
Hindbrain - Pons, medulla and cerebellum

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4
Q

Function of frontal lobe?

A

Regulating and initiating motor function, cognitive function, attention, memory

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5
Q

Function of parietal lobe?

A

Sensation (touch, pain), sensory aspects of language, spatial orientation and self-perception

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6
Q

Function of temporal lobe?

A

Processing auditory information

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7
Q

Function of occipital lobe?

A

Processing visual information

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8
Q

What does the limbic lobe/system consist of?

A

Includes structures such as the amygdala, hippocampus, mamillary body and cingulate gyrus

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9
Q

What is the limbic system concerned with?

A

learning, memory, emotion, motivation and reward

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10
Q

Where is the insular cortex?

A

Deep within lateral fissure in each cerebral hemisphere

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11
Q

What is the insular cortex concerned with?

A

Concerned with visceral sensations, autonomic control and interoception, auditory processing, visual vestibular integration

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12
Q

2 layers of the Dura?

A

Periosteal - layer of periosteum

Meningeal - Durable, dense fibrous membrane

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13
Q

What is the arachnoid mater?

A

Thin, transparent, fibrous membrane

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14
Q

What is the pia mater?

A

thin, translucent and mesh-like

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15
Q

Where is CSF produced?

A

choroid plexus of lateral, 3rd and 4th ventricles

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16
Q

What does the CSF occupy?

A

ventricular system and sub-arachnoid space

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17
Q

How is CSF reabsorbed?

A

arachnoid villi (granulations) into superior sagittal sinus

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18
Q

List the differences between CSF and plasma

A

CSF has lower pH, less glucose, protein and potassium than plasma

Same concentration of sodium

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19
Q

What does the spinal cord consist of?

A

Composed of segments - each gives rise to a pari of mixed spinal nerves

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20
Q

List the groups of spinal nerves coming from the spinal cord and how many there are of each

A 
Cervical - 8
Thoracic - 12 
Lumbar -5 
Sacral - 5
Coccygeal - 1
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21
Q

From where do the nerves emerge from?

A

Intervertebral foramina
Nerves C1-C7 > Emerges above vertebrae
Nerves C8-Co1 > Emerges below vertebrae

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22
Q

What causes cervical enlargement?

A

Increased innervation of upper limbs

23
Q

What causes lumbar enlargement?

A

Increased innervation of lower limbs

24
Q

What traverses out of each SC segment?

A

Pair of spinal nerves

25
Q

How many vertebrae are there?

A

30

26
Q

Explain the anatomy of the SC.

A

SC is a tube consisting of a core grey matter surrounded by white matter, which stems out from the MO through vertebra.

Each spinal nerve is attached to the SC by separate dorsal and ventral roots - contain sensory and motor nerve fibres respectively. Cell bodies of the sensory neurones are located in the dorsal root, the dorsal root ganglion, impulses from sensory receptors travel along these sensory fibres. Instructions from the brain travel as impulses from sensory receptors travel along these sensory fibres. Instructions from the brain travel as impulses down motor fibres in the SC and out in motor neurones through the ventral roots to the effector organs.

Grey matter of the cord contains the intermediate nerve cells together with the cell bodies of motor nerve cells whose axons run out into the ventral roots.

27
Q

What is grey matter made up of?

A

Made up of motor nerve cell bodies and relay neurones.

28
Q

What is white matter made up of?

A

Made up of long nerve fibres running the length of the SC.

29
Q

Is there always a relay neurone present?

A

No

30
Q

What does the ventral root carry?

A

Carries only motor nerve fibres from SC into the spinal nerve.

31
Q

What is the purpose of the motor end plate in muscle?

A

To transfer impulse to effector organ.

32
Q

What does the dorsal root carry?

A

Carries only sensory nerve fibres from the spinal nerve into the SC.

33
Q

What does the DRG contain?

A

Contains all cell bodies of the sensory nerve fibres.

34
Q

What is the corticospinal tract and where are its UMNs and LMNs?

A

White matter motor pathway initiating at the cerebral cortex and subsequently terminating on LMNs in SC, controlling movements and motor functions of the limbs and trunk. Major pathway for voluntary movements.

Composed of UMNs in primary motor cortex and LMNs in brainstem and SC. Undergoes pyramidal decussation at the medulla.

35
Q

What are the 2 major ascending pathways?

A

Dorsal column

Spinothalamic

36
Q

What is the dorsal column pathway for?

A

Fine touch, vibration and proprioception from the skin and joints.

37
Q

What is the spinothalamic pathway for?

A

Pain, temperature and crude touch from skin.

38
Q

What percentage of which descending tract decussates in medulla?

A

85% of lateral corticospinal tract (motor) decussate at MO.

39
Q

Which ascending tract detects pain and temperature?

A

Lateral spinothalamic tract

40
Q

Which ascending tract detects crude touch?

A

Ventral spinothalamic tract

41
Q

Describe how the ventral corticospinal tract travels towards the brain.

A

Ipsilaterally

42
Q

In which part of the brain is the primary motor cortex?

A

Pre-central gyrus

43
Q

What part of the body does the anterior/ventral corticospinal tract supply?

A

Motor to axial trunk muscles

44
Q

What part of the body does the lateral corticospinal tract supply?

A

Motor to limbs

45
Q

Outline the pathway of the corticobulbar tract.

A

Originates from primary motor cortex. Is a descending pathway responsible for innervating several cranial nerves (Parallel to corticospinal tract.)
Tract leaves the internal capsule, enters basilar part of pons as numerous bundles. Terminate directly on alpha motor neurones or interneurones innervating alpha motor neurones in brainstem - controls somatic motor activity in the head (muscles of mastication, facial expression and eye movement).
Axons that innervate motor nerve cranial nuclei decussate, therefore innervate contralateral muscles. Proportion of fibres decussate and some descend ipsilaterally, results in bilateral descending control.

46
Q

What does the corticobulbar tract innervate and via which nerves?

A

III + IV + VI - Extraocular muscles
V - MoM
VII - facial muscles
XII - muscles of tongue

47
Q

Define somatotopy

A

Point-for-point correspondence of a bodily region allocated to a specific point on the CNS.

48
Q

What structure do the spinal cord tracts form as they descend?

A

Internal capsule

49
Q

List the other brainstem motor tracts.

A

Vestibulospinal tract
Tectospinal tract
Reticulospinal tract
Rubrospinal tract

50
Q

What is the function of the vestibulospinal tract?

A

Provides info about head movement and positions and mediate postural adjustments.

51
Q

What is the function of the tectospinal tract?

A

Concerned with head and neck orientation during eye movements.

52
Q

What is the function of the reticulospinal tract?

A

Concerned with controlling breathing and emotional motor function.

53
Q

What is the function of the rubrospinal tract?

A

Innervate LMNS of the upper limb

BRS - Neurology and neuroscience (11 decks)

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