CNS

Question 1

neuroglial cells

Answer 1

astrocytes
microglial
oligodendroglia
ependymal cells

Question 2

causes for cerebral edema

Answer 2

trauma
bacterial or viral infection
hemmorrhage

Question 3

cerebral edema can be either

Answer 3

vasogenic or cytotoxic

Question 4

vasogenic edema is

Answer 4

extravascular accumulation of fluid due to its leakage across damaged wall (necrotic lesion, abcess, tumor); due to new capillary bed formation secondary to lack of good BBB

Question 5

cytotoxic edema is

Answer 5

intracellular accumulation of fluid such as ischemia, toxin, or hypoxia –> impair cell wall function

Question 6

pathology of cerebral edema

Answer 6

flat gyri, decreased demarcation between gray and white matter, slitlike sulci, swollen and heavier, brain herniation

Question 7

clinically patient will present with what symptoms when having cerebral edema?

Answer 7

headache, papilledema, vomiting, due to increase of intracranial pressure

Question 8

hyodrocepphalus has two categories

Answer 8

non-communicating and communicating

Question 9

in non-communicating hydrocephalus is (obstructive) what cannot reach the subarachnoid space?

Answer 9

CSF

Question 10

2 types of congenital non-communicating hydrocephalus

Answer 10

arnold chiari malformation
&
stenosis of aqueduct of sylvius or foramina of ventricles (CSF cannot reach 4 & 3rd ventricles)

Question 11

arnold chiari is when the

Answer 11

cerebellar tonsil’s are displaced into the cervical canal through the foramen magnum

Question 12

cerebellar tonsilar herniation will cause what clinically?

Answer 12

flattening of base of skull and hydrocephalus is present

Question 13

acquired hydrocephalus types

Answer 13

inflammation - meningitis secondary to fibrosis, cerebral abcess
tumors
intracranial hemorrhage

Question 14

acquired hydrocephalus by inflammation is caused frequently by

Answer 14

inflammation - meningitis secondary to fibrosis, cerebral abcess

Question 15

acquired hydrocephalus by tumors is caused frequently by

Answer 15

ependymoma & medullablastoma

Question 16

communicating hydrocephalus is due to

Answer 16

a blockage within the subarachnoid space

Question 17

what kind of blockage can cause communicating hydrocephalus?

Answer 17

dural venous thrombosus

Question 18

1 cause of cerebral infarction

Answer 18

embolism

Question 19

which cerebral atery is most involved in embolism?

Answer 19

middle cerebral artery which is a direct extension of ICA

Question 20

what type of infarct is one caused by embolism?

Answer 20

pale white anemic

Question 21

what kind of infarct is caused by hypertension?

Answer 21

red hemmorragic

Question 22

what is the 2nd leading cause of cerebral infarct?

Answer 22

ATH of the carotid, basilar, middle or cerebral artery

Question 23

a detached mural thrombus from the _____ atrium will travel to

Answer 23

left

middle cerebral artery

Question 24

types of cerebral herniation

Answer 24

subfalcine (cingulate)
uncinate (transtentorial)
tonsillar

Question 25

subfalcine aka cingulate herniation is where

Answer 25

the cingulate gyrus ruptures and travels across the falx cerebri and ruptures the anterior cerebral arteries

Question 26

uncinate AKA the transtentoral herniation is where

Answer 26

CN III is is affected loss of consciousness compression of aqueduct sylvius

Question 27

CN III compression by uncinate herniation will present clincally as

Answer 27

dilaiton of pupil, impaired eye movement on same side resulting in suqinting of eyes, eyes move seperately and parasympathetic disruption

Question 28

tonsilar herniation is when

Answer 28

the cerebrllar tonsils go through the foramen magnum --> compression of the medulla and cardiorespiratory center leading to death

Question 29

types of infections of the nervous system

Answer 29

leptomeningitis brain abcess encephalitis

Question 30

3 types of meningitis

Answer 30

acute purulent acute lymphocytic chronic meningitis

Question 31

acute purulent type of fluid

Answer 31

pus --> cloudy

Question 32

acute purulent type of etiology

Answer 32

hemophilus influenza meningococcus streptoccocus pnemoniae E coli and strept agalactae

Question 33

hemophilus influenza infects?

Answer 33

infants and children

Question 34

hemophilus influenza kind of gram stain and shape?

Answer 34

negative bacillus (rod)

Question 35

how long is infant protected from hemophilus influenza by mothers antobodies?

Answer 35

6 months

Question 36

meningococcus affects who?

Answer 36

adolescents and young children

Question 37

meningococcus is spread by

Answer 37

droplets from the nasocavity

Question 38

streptoccocus pneumonia

Answer 38

infants and elderly affected

Question 39

streptoccocus pnemoniae kind of stain and shape?

Answer 39

gram positive and coccus

Question 40

E coli and strept agalactiae is what kind of infection

Answer 40

a neonatal infection

Question 41

E coli and strept agalactiae gram stain and shape?

Answer 41

Gram + and cocci

Question 42

meningococcus is neisseria is

Answer 42

really bad to get

Question 43

which leptominigitis virus causes cerebral hemmorhages?

Answer 43

streptoccocus pnemoniae

Question 44

acute lymphocytic meningitis

Answer 44

viruses with increased lymphocytes in lumbar puncture

Question 45

types of acute lymphocytic meningitis

Answer 45

enteroviruses (mumps, coxsackieviruses, poliomyelitis) | HIV

Question 46

chronic meningitis

Answer 46

TB Trponema pallidum (syphilis) brucella and fungi - cyptococcus neoformans with AIDS

Question 47

TB bacteria name

Answer 47

microbacterium tuberculosis

Question 48

microbacterium tuberculosis type of stain and shape

Answer 48

acid fast bacilis

Question 49

glucose will be reduced in both _____ & _____ types of meningitis

Answer 49

actue purulent and chronic

Question 50

viral encaphalitis types

Answer 50

1. Herpes simplex encephalitis 2. Rabies 3. Subacute sclerosing panencephalitis (measels) 4. Acquired immunodeficiency syndrome

Question 51

Most common cause of encephalitis in USA

Answer 51

Herpes Simplex Encephalitis

Question 52

Herpes Simplex Encephalitis site

Answer 52

Temporal lobe and inferior parts of frontal lobe | Intranuclear inclusion bodies, Cowdry type A

Question 53

rabies transmission through

Answer 53

saliva

Question 54

rabies sites

Answer 54

Basal Ganglia, Hippocampus, Brain stem, Intracytoplasmic inclusion bodies, Negri bodies

Question 55

Subacute Sclerosing Pan-Encephalitis: transmission

Answer 55

Several years after measles attack (latent form)  most often in children

Question 56

Subacute Sclerosing Pan-Encephalitis: sites

Answer 56

- Cerebral grey matter (sensory or motor) Frontal lobe --> dementia BasalGanglia Intranuclear inclusion bodies

Question 57

etiology of intracranial hemorrhage

Answer 57

1. Trauma: blunt (car accidents) or penetrating wounds (bullets) 2. Rupture of blood vessel (congenital abnormality, hypertension, aneurysm) 3. Coagulation defects

Question 58

INTRACRAINIAL HEMORRHAGE types

Answer 58

1. Epidural hematoma 2. Subdural hematoma 3. Subarachnoid hemorrhage 4. Intracerebral hemorrhage

Question 59

epidural hematoma is caused by

Answer 59

trauma & FX. to the middle meningeal artery or others.

Question 60

epidural hematoma is located

Answer 60

between the skull and dura matter

Question 61

Subdural hematoma

Answer 61

due to trauma but not a FX.

Question 62

Subdural hematoma is what kind of bleed?

Answer 62

venous - bridging veins

Question 63

Subdural hematoma can be seen more in

Answer 63

elderly and alcoholics due to cerebral atrophy

Question 64

Subdural hematoma acute is where

Answer 64

bleeding is severe and associated with severe trauma such as brain lacerations

Question 65

Subdural hematoma chronic is with

Answer 65

minor trauma and very slow bleed that leads to a clot formation

Question 66

after a few day the clot in a subdural hematoma will

Answer 66

disintegrate and attract CSF causing expansion and slow compression on the brain

Question 67

subarachnoid hemorrhage

Answer 67

ruptured berry aneurysm at the branching of the circle of Willis due too > hypertension, ATH, exercise can predispose the rupture of aneurysm

Question 68

cerebral hemorrhage most common cause

Answer 68

hypertension causes the Charcot Bouchard micro aneurysms in Lenticulo striate branches of middle cerebral artery to rupture

Question 69

cerebral hemorrhage sites

Answer 69

``` basal ganglia thalamus and internal capsule germinal matrix of premies choroid ```

Question 70

what can cause subarachnoid hemorrhage

Answer 70

``` berry aneurysm MVA AVM > tumors coagulopathy herpes strep ```

Question 71

what are negri bodies

Answer 71

intracytoplasmic inclusion bodies of present with rabies