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Systems Path Exam II > CNS > Flashcards

CNS Flashcards

1
Q

What is the MC cause of primary brain parenchymal hemorrhage, and at what age

A

Hypertension, 60

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2
Q

What is responsible for 15% of deaths in chronic HTN patients

A

Primary Brain Parenchymal Hemorrhage

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3
Q

What is MC from a ruptured saccular aneurysm, has a fatality rate of 25-50% on the first episode (likely to recur), Often described as “Worst headache I’ve ever had”

A

Subarachnoid Hemorrhage

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4
Q

What make up 80-90% of all intracranial aneurysms, and are a risk factor for Polycystic kidney disease

A

Saccular Aneurysm

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5
Q

What is the MC cerebrovascular malformation is a tangle of arteries and veins “worm-like”, and 2x MC in males ages 10-30

A

Arteriovenous Malformation (AVM)

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6
Q

What is occlusion of a single artery, occurs in deep brain tissues: silent which make it devastating

A

Lucuna infarct

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7
Q

What is a ruptured small cerebral vessel, hemorrhage, resorbed, “slit-like cavity” remains

A

Slit Hemorrhage

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8
Q

What is described by global cerebral dysfunction, diastolic BP >130= severe inc. in ICP

A

Hypertensive Encephalopathy

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9
Q

What is vessel wall inflammation

A

Vasculitis

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10
Q

What is systemic autoimmune vasculitis, fibrinoid necrosis, small cerebral arteries and heart

A

Polyarteritis Nodosa

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11
Q

What is chronic inflammation of multiple parenchymal and subarachnoid vessels. MC in males 30-60

A

Primary Angiitis of the CNS

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12
Q

What is the Tx for vasculitis

A

Immunosuppression

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13
Q

CNS Trauma has a high morbidity and mortality, who is at greater risk for it

A

Males 2x

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14
Q

What is trauma that injures neurons and disrupts vessels which leads to hemorrhage (“brain-bruise”)
Gyri are most susceptible

A

Contusion

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15
Q

What is tearing of cerebral parenchyma that disrupts vasculature that leads to hemorrhage

A

Laceration

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16
Q

What is movement of one brain region relative to another. Angular acceleration/shaking. Leads to diffuse disruption of white matter

A

Diffuse Axonal Injury (DAI)

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17
Q

What causes 50% of post-traumatic comas. may not involve direct impact

A

Diffuse Axonal Injury

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18
Q

What is reversible altered consciousness from head injury in the absence of contusion

A

Concussion

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19
Q

What percent of concussions recover in 10 days without Tx

A

80%

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20
Q

Imaging cant ID a concussion, but a CT may be used for what

A

To rule out hemorrhage

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21
Q

What occurs in the minority of all concussions (15-20%) when symptoms may last for weeks to months

A

Post-concussive syndrome

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22
Q

Why does Dx. of a concussion exclude from RTP

A

Second-impact syndrome: second concussion, lethal

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23
Q

What occurs with dural artery damage, compresses brain tissue, lucid during bleed, Associated with Fx, Neurosurgical emergency

A

Epidural Hematoma

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24
Q

What occurs when rapid movements tear the veins, leading to a subdural bleed which compresses the brain

A

Subdural Hematoma

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25
Q

Which is the more rare of the dural hematomas

A

Epidural ~2%

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26
Q

What artery is MC involved with epidural hematoma

A

Middle meningeal

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27
Q

What % of severe head traumas result in a subdural hematoma

A

5-25%

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28
Q

What is the MC cause of neural tube defects

A

CNS malformation

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29
Q

What is an asymptomatic bony defect

A

Spina bifida occulta

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30
Q

What is extension of CNS through vertebral defect (lumbosacral)

A

Myelomeningocele

31
Q

What is an absence of brain, rostral aspect

A

Anecephaly

32
Q

What is CNS diverticulum through cranium

A

Encephalocele

33
Q

Which spinal cord abnormality is a cavity connected to 4th ventricle

A

Hydromyelia

34
Q

Which spinal cord abnormality is when there is a cyst withing the cord, adults

A

Syringomyelia (syrinx)

35
Q

What is associated with loss of pain/temp sensation in a “shawl-like” distribution with poss tissue atrophy or areflexia

A

Syringomyelia

36
Q

What perinatal brain inj. occurs prematurely, near ventricles, may cause hydrocephalus

A

Intraparenchymal hemorrhage

37
Q

What perinatal brain injury occurs prematurly, supratentorial white matter, chalky plaques, possibly cysts

A

Infarct

38
Q

What perinatal brain inj. is non-progressive defects in motor neurons (movement disorder

A

Cerebral palsy

39
Q

What is the MC way CNS infections are spread

A

Hematogenous

40
Q

What is an infection in the epidural space, typically from an adjacent infection (sinusitis, osteomyelitis)

A

Epidural abscess

41
Q

What is an infection of the subdural space

A

Subdural Empyema

42
Q

What disease is associated with HA, nucal rigidity, and photophobia primarily. Fatal if untreated, favorable with Tx

A

Acute pyogenic (bacterial) meningitis

43
Q

What neurological exam for meningitis involves pain when one knee is brought to the chest

A

Kernig sign

44
Q

What neurological exam for meningitis involves pain when the heels are brough to the buttocks and head is passively flexed

A

Brudzinski sign

45
Q

What kind of meningitis is aseptic

A

Viral

46
Q

What are the 2 types of chronic meningitis

A

Tuberculous and Spirochetal

47
Q

Parenchymal infections: Localized infection

A

Bacterial abscess

48
Q

Parenchymal infections: Diffuse infection

A

Viral Encephalitis

49
Q

Parenchymal infections: Local or diffuse (mixed)

A

Fungal encephalitis

50
Q

What parenchymal infection is MC among immunosuppressed

A

Fungal encephalitis

51
Q

What is a type IV hypersensitivity autoimmune attack on white matter

A

MS

52
Q

What is the MC myelin disorder

A

MS

53
Q

Who is at greater risk fo rMS

A

females 2x, familial hx. inc. 15x

54
Q

What happens during active MS

A

Ongoing myelin breakdown

55
Q

What happens during inactive MS

A

Little myelin and minimal inflamm

56
Q

What is Wernicke-Korsakoff Syndrome (necrosis of the thalamus) caused by

A

Thiamine (vit B1.) deficiency

57
Q

What is LE paresthesia/paralysis and nystagmus

A

Beriberi

58
Q

What can a Cobalamin (B12) deficiency lead to

A

Cord demyelination

59
Q

What is the MC cause of hypoglycemia

A

Inappropriate insulin use

60
Q

What is the MC cause of hyper glycemia

A

Uncontrolled diabetes

61
Q

What is the MC cause of dementia in elderly

A

Alzheimer’s Disease

62
Q

What is a Parkinsonism

A

Altered motor function

63
Q

What does Parkinson disease damage

A

Dopaminergic neurons, Substantia nigra

64
Q

What can be seen in Parkinson’s

A

Lewy bodies

65
Q

How is Parkinson’s treated

A

L-DOPA, Deep brain stim (less effective over time)

66
Q

What condition is chorea (dance-like jerking) of entire body seen in

A

Huntington’s Disease

67
Q

What 2 nuclei are effected in huntington’s

A

Caudate and Putamen

68
Q

What kind of astrocytoma is malignant, 80% of adult gliomas, 30-60

A

Diffuse

69
Q

What kind of astrocytoma is benign, cystic, affect children/youg adults, cerebellum or spinal cord (rarely cerebral

A

Pilocytic

70
Q

What kind of glioma is MC in pediatrics (periventricular regions)
Adults=spinal canal

A

Ependymoma

71
Q

Medulloblastomas make up what % of pediatric brain tumors

A

20%

72
Q

Where is Diffuse Large B Cell Lymphoma MC

A

Among immunosuppressed (AIDS)

73
Q

90% of these are benign, MC affects adult females, and made of transformed arachnoid cells

A

Meningioma

74
Q

Metastasis into the CNS accounts for what percent of intracranial tumors

A

25-50% (Lungs, breast, melanoma, kidney, GI)

Systems Path Exam II (2 decks)

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