CNS Flashcards by Ella van Kan

Frontal lobe functions

Executive function

Emotional control

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What’s the main role of cerebrum ?

Integration

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Temporal lobe function

Language, hearing, memory

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Commisural fibres are?

Group of myelinated fibres

That allows communication between the left and right hemispheres

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Association fibres are?

Group of myelinated fibres that

Communicates between the different regions of the same cerebral hemisphere

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Projection fibres are?

Group of myelinated fibres that

Communicates between the brain and brainstem, cerebellum or spinal cord.

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Anterior cerebral artery (ACA) is?

A cerebral artery extends upward and forward in the cerebrum supplying the frontal lobes

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Internal carotid arteries ?

Supply blood to the anterior 3/5 of cerebrum.

Eventually divide up to become the ACA and the MCA

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Middle cerebral artery (MCA)?

Largest branch of the internal carotid. The artery supplies a portion of the frontal lobe and the lateral surface of the temporal and parietal lobes

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Circle of willis?

A circle of communicating arteries at the base of the brain

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Name the direct descending pathways of the brainstem

Pyramidal tract
Corticospinal Tract
Corticobulbar tract

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Ipsilateral

Same side

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Contralateral

On the other side

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Corticobulbar tract function

Conveys motor signals from cerebral cortex to the brainstem motor cranial nerve nuclei. 
Innervates peripheral (cranial) nerves for muscles controlling face, tongue, pharynx, larynx

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Innervation of lower face

Contralateral

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Innervation of upper face

Bilateral

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Brainstem pathways (name)

Rubrospinal tract
Tectospinal
Reticulospinal
Vestibulospinal

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Rubrospinal origin?

Red nucleus in midbrain

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Rubrospinal controls ?

Distal limb movements, particularly upper limb Flexors

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Rubrospinal coordinates what and where?

Cerebral and cerebellar activity in SC

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Rubrospinal corse?

Decussates at midbrain

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Rubrospinal destination

Ventral horn, dorsolateral group

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Rubrospinal: impact of lesion on movement ?

Reduced fine motor control, particularly in upper limb

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Reticulospinal function?

Regulates voluntary commands and spinal reflexes (both inhibit/facilitate input)
Autonomic regulation (HR, sweating)

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Reticulospinal origin

Reticular formation in pons | Reticular formation in medulla

Reticulospinal course?

Ipsilateral

Reticulospinal destination ?

Ventral horn, ventromedial group

Reticulospinal lesion impact?

Change in reflexes (trouble modulating reflexes) | Impaired muscle tone (Hypertonia/hypotonia )

Hypertonia

Incr. muscle tone

Hypotonia

Decr muscle tone

Vestibulospinal (lat) function?

Posture

Vestibulospinal (med)

Neck and upper back muscles (head position)

VST origin?

Vestibular nucleus

VST course?

Ipsilateral

VST destination ?

Ventral horn, ventromedial group

VST lesion impact ?

(Lat): difficulty maintaining upright posture | (Med): difficulty maintaining head upright

Tectospinal function?

Coordination of head and eye movement

TST origin?

Superior colliculus in midbrain

TST course?

Decussates at midbrain

TST destination ?

Cervical/upper thoracic | Ventral horn, ventromedial group

TST lesion impact?

Ability to respond to environment automatically | Impaired coordination of eye movement

Are lesions isolated to specific tracts?

No very rarely

Olfactory location?

Olfactory cortex

Olfactory function

Sensory | -Smell

Olfactory clinical test?

Sniff and identify substances

Optic location

Eyeball to optic chiasma

Optic function

Sensory - vision - pupillary reflex

Optic clinical tests

Eye chart, colour Visual field range Reflexes (shine light in eye)

Oculomotor location

Midbrain

Oculomotor function

Motor: - eyeball (med,sup,inf) movement in all directions - pupil constriction - eyelid (open) Sensory: -eyeball muscle proprioception

Oculomotor clinical tests

Pupil reflexes | Visual tracking

Trochlear location

Midbrain

Trochlear Function

Motor and sensory; | -eyeball (superior)

Trochlear clinical tests?

Visual tracking

Trigeminal location

Pons

Trigeminal function

Sensory information from upper, mid and lower (motor and sensory mastication muscles)

Trigeminal clinical tests

Touch and temp | Jaw clenching and movement

Abducens location

Pons

Abducens function

Motor and sensory: | -eyeball (lat)

Abducens clinical tests

Visual tracking

Facial location

Pons

Facial function

``` Motor and sensory: -facial expression muscles Sensory: -taste Autonomic; -tears, salivation ```

Facial Clinical tests

Taste sensation | Facial symmetry and expression (smiling, raise eyebrows)

Inflammation of facial (CN VII) can lead to ?

Bells Palsy

Bells Palsy effect ?

Unilateral paralysis of the Ipsilateral muscles of facial expression Inability to close the eye Change in tear production

Vestibulocochlear location

Pons-medulla border

Vestibulocochlear function

Sensory - vestibular info - hearing

Vestibulocochlear clinical tests

Hearing test | Balance (without vision)

Vestibular system function?

Relays sensory information about position and movement of the head relative to gravity (postural adjustments and gaze stabilisation)

Glossopharyngeal location

Medulla

Glossopharyngeal function

Motor and sensory: - tongue - swallowing muscles Sensory -taste Autonomic -salivation

Glossopharyngeal clinical tests

Gag/swallowing reflexes Speech Taste

Vagus location

Medulla

Vagus function

Motor and sensory -swallowing muscles Autonomic (motor & sensory) -heart, lungs, viscera Autonomic (sensory) -taste

Vagus clinical tests

Gag/swallowing reflexes Speech Taste

Accessory location

Medulla | C1-C5

Accessory function

Motor and sensory | -trapezius, sternomastoid

Accessory clinical tests

Head rotation | Shoulder shrugging

Hypoglossal location

Medulla

Hyperglossal function

Motor and sensory | -tongue

Hypoglossal clinical tests

Tongue protrusion and retraction

Lower motor neurons are?

Cranial nerves with motor function

3 longitudinal arteries supply the spinal cord. What are they? What do they supply?

1 ant spinal art: supply ant/central 2/3 of cord | 2 paired post spinal art: supply periphery of cord

Organisation of spinal nerves and vertebrae

Cervical region: spinal nerve above vertebrae except for C8 SN which exists between C7 and T1 Remainder: spinal nerves below corresponding vertebrae

Dermatome

Area of skin supplied by the sensory branches arising from a single spinal cord segment, or on one side, from a single spinal nerve

Myotome

Part of a skeletal muscle supplied by a single spinal cord segment, or on one side, by a single spinal nerve

Gray matter is the site of?

Tracts Connections (inter neurons) Reflexes Movement pattern generator