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CNS Flashcards

0
Q

Frontal lobe functions

A

Executive function

Emotional control

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1
Q

What’s the main role of cerebrum ?

A

Integration

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2
Q

Temporal lobe function

A

Language, hearing, memory

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3
Q

Commisural fibres are?

A

Group of myelinated fibres

That allows communication between the left and right hemispheres

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4
Q

Association fibres are?

A

Group of myelinated fibres that

Communicates between the different regions of the same cerebral hemisphere

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5
Q

Projection fibres are?

A

Group of myelinated fibres that

Communicates between the brain and brainstem, cerebellum or spinal cord.

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6
Q

Anterior cerebral artery (ACA) is?

A

A cerebral artery extends upward and forward in the cerebrum supplying the frontal lobes

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7
Q

Internal carotid arteries ?

A

Supply blood to the anterior 3/5 of cerebrum.

Eventually divide up to become the ACA and the MCA

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8
Q

Middle cerebral artery (MCA)?

A

Largest branch of the internal carotid. The artery supplies a portion of the frontal lobe and the lateral surface of the temporal and parietal lobes

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9
Q

Circle of willis?

A

A circle of communicating arteries at the base of the brain

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10
Q

Name the direct descending pathways of the brainstem

A

Pyramidal tract
Corticospinal Tract
Corticobulbar tract

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11
Q

Ipsilateral

A

Same side

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12
Q

Contralateral

A

On the other side

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13
Q

Corticobulbar tract function

A 
Conveys motor signals from cerebral cortex to the brainstem motor cranial nerve nuclei. 
Innervates peripheral (cranial) nerves for muscles controlling face, tongue, pharynx, larynx
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14
Q

Innervation of lower face

A

Contralateral

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15
Q

Innervation of upper face

A

Bilateral

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16
Q

Brainstem pathways (name)

A

Rubrospinal tract
Tectospinal
Reticulospinal
Vestibulospinal

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17
Q

Rubrospinal origin?

A

Red nucleus in midbrain

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18
Q

Rubrospinal controls ?

A

Distal limb movements, particularly upper limb Flexors

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19
Q

Rubrospinal coordinates what and where?

A

Cerebral and cerebellar activity in SC

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20
Q

Rubrospinal corse?

A

Decussates at midbrain

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21
Q

Rubrospinal destination

A

Ventral horn, dorsolateral group

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22
Q

Rubrospinal: impact of lesion on movement ?

A

Reduced fine motor control, particularly in upper limb

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23
Q

Reticulospinal function?

A 
Regulates voluntary commands and spinal reflexes (both inhibit/facilitate input)
Autonomic regulation (HR, sweating)
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24
Q

Reticulospinal origin

A

Reticular formation in pons

Reticular formation in medulla

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25
Q

Reticulospinal course?

A

Ipsilateral

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26
Q

Reticulospinal destination ?

A

Ventral horn, ventromedial group

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27
Q

Reticulospinal lesion impact?

A

Change in reflexes (trouble modulating reflexes)

Impaired muscle tone (Hypertonia/hypotonia )

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28
Q

Hypertonia

A

Incr. muscle tone

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29
Q

Hypotonia

A

Decr muscle tone

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30
Q

Vestibulospinal (lat) function?

A

Posture

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31
Q

Vestibulospinal (med)

A

Neck and upper back muscles (head position)

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32
Q

VST origin?

A

Vestibular nucleus

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33
Q

VST course?

A

Ipsilateral

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34
Q

VST destination ?

A

Ventral horn, ventromedial group

35
Q

VST lesion impact ?

A

(Lat): difficulty maintaining upright posture

(Med): difficulty maintaining head upright

36
Q

Tectospinal function?

A

Coordination of head and eye movement

37
Q

TST origin?

A

Superior colliculus in midbrain

38
Q

TST course?

A

Decussates at midbrain

39
Q

TST destination ?

A

Cervical/upper thoracic

Ventral horn, ventromedial group

40
Q

TST lesion impact?

A

Ability to respond to environment automatically

Impaired coordination of eye movement

41
Q

Are lesions isolated to specific tracts?

A

No very rarely

42
Q

Olfactory location?

A

Olfactory cortex

43
Q

Olfactory function

A

Sensory

-Smell

44
Q

Olfactory clinical test?

A

Sniff and identify substances

45
Q

Optic location

A

Eyeball to optic chiasma

46
Q

Optic function

A

Sensory

  • vision
  • pupillary reflex
47
Q

Optic clinical tests

A

Eye chart, colour
Visual field range
Reflexes (shine light in eye)

48
Q

Oculomotor location

49
Q

Oculomotor function

A

Motor:

  • eyeball (med,sup,inf) movement in all directions
  • pupil constriction
  • eyelid (open)

Sensory:
-eyeball muscle proprioception

50
Q

Oculomotor clinical tests

A

Pupil reflexes

Visual tracking

51
Q

Trochlear location

52
Q

Trochlear Function

A

Motor and sensory;

-eyeball (superior)

53
Q

Trochlear clinical tests?

A

Visual tracking

54
Q

Trigeminal location

55
Q

Trigeminal function

A

Sensory information from upper, mid and lower (motor and sensory mastication muscles)

56
Q

Trigeminal clinical tests

A

Touch and temp

Jaw clenching and movement

57
Q

Abducens location

58
Q

Abducens function

A

Motor and sensory:

-eyeball (lat)

59
Q

Abducens clinical tests

A

Visual tracking

60
Q

Facial location

61
Q

Facial function

A 
Motor and sensory:
-facial expression muscles 
Sensory:
-taste 
Autonomic;
-tears, salivation
62
Q

Facial Clinical tests

A

Taste sensation

Facial symmetry and expression (smiling, raise eyebrows)

63
Q

Inflammation of facial (CN VII) can lead to ?

A

Bells Palsy

64
Q

Bells Palsy effect ?

A

Unilateral paralysis of the Ipsilateral muscles of facial expression
Inability to close the eye
Change in tear production

65
Q

Vestibulocochlear location

A

Pons-medulla border

66
Q

Vestibulocochlear function

A

Sensory

  • vestibular info
  • hearing
67
Q

Vestibulocochlear clinical tests

A

Hearing test

Balance (without vision)

68
Q

Vestibular system function?

A

Relays sensory information about position and movement of the head relative to gravity (postural adjustments and gaze stabilisation)

69
Q

Glossopharyngeal location

70
Q

Glossopharyngeal function

A

Motor and sensory:

  • tongue
  • swallowing muscles

Sensory
-taste

Autonomic
-salivation

71
Q

Glossopharyngeal clinical tests

A

Gag/swallowing reflexes
Speech
Taste

72
Q

Vagus location

73
Q

Vagus function

A

Motor and sensory
-swallowing muscles

Autonomic (motor & sensory)
-heart, lungs, viscera

Autonomic (sensory)
-taste

74
Q

Vagus clinical tests

A

Gag/swallowing reflexes
Speech
Taste

75
Q

Accessory location

A

Medulla

C1-C5

76
Q

Accessory function

A

Motor and sensory

-trapezius, sternomastoid

77
Q

Accessory clinical tests

A

Head rotation

Shoulder shrugging

78
Q

Hypoglossal location

79
Q

Hyperglossal function

A

Motor and sensory

-tongue

80
Q

Hypoglossal clinical tests

A

Tongue protrusion and retraction

81
Q

Lower motor neurons are?

A

Cranial nerves with motor function

82
Q

3 longitudinal arteries supply the spinal cord. What are they? What do they supply?

A

1 ant spinal art: supply ant/central 2/3 of cord

2 paired post spinal art: supply periphery of cord

83
Q

Organisation of spinal nerves and vertebrae

A

Cervical region: spinal nerve above vertebrae except for C8 SN which exists between C7 and T1

Remainder: spinal nerves below corresponding vertebrae

84
Q

Dermatome

A

Area of skin supplied by the sensory branches arising from a single spinal cord segment, or on one side, from a single spinal nerve

85
Q

Myotome

A

Part of a skeletal muscle supplied by a single spinal cord segment, or on one side, by a single spinal nerve

86
Q

Gray matter is the site of?

A

Tracts
Connections (inter neurons)
Reflexes
Movement pattern generator

BSHCP (5 decks)

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