Cardio

Question 0

Stenosis

Answer 0

Abnormal narrowing of blood vessel

Question 1

Thrombosis

Answer 1

The formation of a blood clot in a blood vessel, obstructing the flow of blood through the circulatory system.

Question 2

Occlusion

Answer 2

Blockage (I.e. Clot)

Question 3

Most severe form of PAD

Answer 3

Critical limb ischaemia

Question 4

An aching muscle pain that is brought about by exersise and rapidly relived by rest?

Answer 4

Intermittent claudication

Question 5

3 e.gs of why individuals with artherosclerosis can present with varied sign and symptoms

Answer 5

Mild atherosclrosis = asymtomatic
End vs anastomoses
Location

Question 6

2 common lesion locations of artherosclerosis

Answer 6

Left coronary artery

Left internal carotid artery

Question 7

Where does left coronary artery supply blood to

Answer 7

Left ventricle and left atrium

Question 8

What is an anastomoses artery?

Answer 8

Arteries that unite with other arteries (limbs=joints)

Question 9

Function of anastomoses arteries ?

Answer 9

Can provide an alternative channel of supply to a particular area

Sudden occlusion of a vessel(May result in tissue death)
Slow occlusion may allow time for dilation of anastomosing channels & keep tissue supply alive

Question 10

What is an end artery?

Answer 10

Doesn’t unite with other arteries

If an occlusion develops here than death occurs on tissues supplied by blood vessel

Question 11

What influences blood flow in veins ?

Answer 11

Respiratory pump
Muscular pump
Presence of valves ensure blood flow indirection towards heart
Plus: gravity, size of lumin, flow from capillaries, venues

Question 12

Function on veins

Answer 12

Returns deoxygenated blood to the right side of the heart through the superior and inferior vena cava

Question 13

Function of arteries

Answer 13

Carries oxygenated blood, nutrients, hormones from the left side of the heart to the tissues

Question 14

Three layers of arteries and veins

Answer 14

Tunica intima (inner)
Tunica media (mid)
Tunica adventitia (outer)

Question 15

Tunica intima

Answer 15

Low friction lining of blood vessel
Endothelial cells
Highly selective permeability

Question 16

Tunia media

Answer 16

Mainly smooth muscle

Question 17

Tunica adentitia

Answer 17

Connective tissue (elastin and collagen fibres)

Question 18

Nerve supply of arteries and veins: response to..

Answer 18

Sympathic activity
Incr. SA leads to vasoconstriction
Reduced SA (or local auto regulation) leads to vasodilation

Question 19

Arteriole blood supply (compared with veins)

Answer 19

Like veins: supplied my neighbouring arteries (only outer 2 layers)
Unlike veins: inner layer supplied by deffusion from actual blood within artery

Question 20

Why are vein walls thinner than arteries?

Answer 20

Need to be compressed to return blood to heart

Question 21

What’s the effect of a larger lumin in veins?

Answer 21

It’s increases the volume of blood pumped back to the heart

Question 22

Veins are commonly described as?

Answer 22

Superficial or deep

Question 23

Large arteries have? (Structure)

Answer 23

More elastin in outer layer: near heart so can dilate as a result of the increased pressure

Question 24

Medium/small arteries have? (Structure)

Answer 24

More smooth muscle in intima media: need to respond locally through vaso constriction/dilation

Question 25

Pre capillary sphincters function?

Answer 25

Control blood flow into capillary bed/network

Question 26

Describe the natural progression Artherosclerosis ?

Answer 26

Chronic progressive

Question 27

Risk factors of artherosclerosis

Answer 27

Incr. bp
Incr. cholesterol 
Smoking 
Diabetes 
Obesity 
Physical inactivity

Question 28

Emboli define (e.g.)

Answer 28

Any detected or abnormal mass that is carried in the blood stream (arteries/veins) to a distinct site..away from origin

E.g. Part of a thrombus broken off (called a thromboemboli)

Any other mass that could form emboli? Fat, air

Question 29

Aneurysm define

Answer 29

Abnormal widening or ballooning of a portion of a blood vessel wall due to weakness, most common in arteries

Can rupture

Question 30

How does atherosclerosis affect health systems?

Answer 30

Supply vs demand (O2)
Speed of on set
Local arterial vascular pattern (end or anastomoses)
Type of tissue being under perfused

Question 31

Common signs and symptoms of atherosclerosis

Answer 31

Angina 
Asymtomatic 
Reduced exercise tolerance 
Breathlessness 
Myocardial infarction

Question 32

Ischemia define

Answer 32

Restriction in blood supply to tissues

Question 33

Compare and contrast stable and unstable angina

Answer 33

Both: discomfort/pain (for unstable worsens over time)
Location: retrosternal, radiate to back, arms, jaw (classically left side)

Contrast: stable: relation to exertion/emotional stress but unstable: unpredictable ie at rest, sleep

Duration: stable: eased with rest +/or nitrates
Unstable: generally not eased by rest or nitrates

Question 34

Artherosclerosis affecting left carotid can lead to?

Answer 34

Decreased blood to brain
Stroke
Asymtamatic

Question 35

Deep vein thrombosis

Answer 35

Formation of a thrombus in a deep vein

Question 36

Dvt signs & symptoms

Answer 36

Asymptotic 
Right lower leg may be
Painful
Swollen
Red
Superficial veins dilated