Cardio Flashcards

0
Q

Stenosis

A

Abnormal narrowing of blood vessel

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1
Q

Thrombosis

A

The formation of a blood clot in a blood vessel, obstructing the flow of blood through the circulatory system.

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2
Q

Occlusion

A

Blockage (I.e. Clot)

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3
Q

Most severe form of PAD

A

Critical limb ischaemia

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4
Q

An aching muscle pain that is brought about by exersise and rapidly relived by rest?

A

Intermittent claudication

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5
Q

3 e.gs of why individuals with artherosclerosis can present with varied sign and symptoms

A

Mild atherosclrosis = asymtomatic
End vs anastomoses
Location

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6
Q

2 common lesion locations of artherosclerosis

A

Left coronary artery

Left internal carotid artery

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7
Q

Where does left coronary artery supply blood to

A

Left ventricle and left atrium

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8
Q

What is an anastomoses artery?

A

Arteries that unite with other arteries (limbs=joints)

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9
Q

Function of anastomoses arteries ?

A

Can provide an alternative channel of supply to a particular area

Sudden occlusion of a vessel(May result in tissue death)
Slow occlusion may allow time for dilation of anastomosing channels & keep tissue supply alive

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10
Q

What is an end artery?

A

Doesn’t unite with other arteries

If an occlusion develops here than death occurs on tissues supplied by blood vessel

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11
Q

What influences blood flow in veins ?

A

Respiratory pump
Muscular pump
Presence of valves ensure blood flow indirection towards heart
Plus: gravity, size of lumin, flow from capillaries, venues

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12
Q

Function on veins

A

Returns deoxygenated blood to the right side of the heart through the superior and inferior vena cava

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13
Q

Function of arteries

A

Carries oxygenated blood, nutrients, hormones from the left side of the heart to the tissues

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14
Q

Three layers of arteries and veins

A
Tunica intima (inner)
Tunica media (mid)
Tunica adventitia (outer)
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15
Q

Tunica intima

A

Low friction lining of blood vessel
Endothelial cells
Highly selective permeability

16
Q

Tunia media

A

Mainly smooth muscle

17
Q

Tunica adentitia

A

Connective tissue (elastin and collagen fibres)

18
Q

Nerve supply of arteries and veins: response to..

A
Sympathic activity
Incr. SA leads to vasoconstriction
Reduced SA (or local auto regulation) leads to vasodilation
19
Q

Arteriole blood supply (compared with veins)

A

Like veins: supplied my neighbouring arteries (only outer 2 layers)
Unlike veins: inner layer supplied by deffusion from actual blood within artery

20
Q

Why are vein walls thinner than arteries?

A

Need to be compressed to return blood to heart

21
Q

What’s the effect of a larger lumin in veins?

A

It’s increases the volume of blood pumped back to the heart

22
Q

Veins are commonly described as?

A

Superficial or deep

23
Q

Large arteries have? (Structure)

A

More elastin in outer layer: near heart so can dilate as a result of the increased pressure

24
Medium/small arteries have? (Structure)
More smooth muscle in intima media: need to respond locally through vaso constriction/dilation
25
Pre capillary sphincters function?
Control blood flow into capillary bed/network
26
Describe the natural progression Artherosclerosis ?
Chronic progressive
27
Risk factors of artherosclerosis
``` Incr. bp Incr. cholesterol Smoking Diabetes Obesity Physical inactivity ```
28
Emboli define (e.g.)
Any detected or abnormal mass that is carried in the blood stream (arteries/veins) to a distinct site..away from origin E.g. Part of a thrombus broken off (called a thromboemboli) Any other mass that could form emboli? Fat, air
29
Aneurysm define
Abnormal widening or ballooning of a portion of a blood vessel wall due to weakness, most common in arteries Can rupture
30
How does atherosclerosis affect health systems?
Supply vs demand (O2) Speed of on set Local arterial vascular pattern (end or anastomoses) Type of tissue being under perfused
31
Common signs and symptoms of atherosclerosis
``` Angina Asymtomatic Reduced exercise tolerance Breathlessness Myocardial infarction ```
32
Ischemia define
Restriction in blood supply to tissues
33
Compare and contrast stable and unstable angina
Both: discomfort/pain (for unstable worsens over time) Location: retrosternal, radiate to back, arms, jaw (classically left side) Contrast: stable: relation to exertion/emotional stress but unstable: unpredictable ie at rest, sleep Duration: stable: eased with rest +/or nitrates Unstable: generally not eased by rest or nitrates
34
Artherosclerosis affecting left carotid can lead to?
Decreased blood to brain Stroke Asymtamatic
35
Deep vein thrombosis
Formation of a thrombus in a deep vein
36
Dvt signs & symptoms
``` Asymptotic Right lower leg may be Painful Swollen Red Superficial veins dilated ```