Cardio Flashcards
Stenosis
Abnormal narrowing of blood vessel
Thrombosis
The formation of a blood clot in a blood vessel, obstructing the flow of blood through the circulatory system.
Occlusion
Blockage (I.e. Clot)
Most severe form of PAD
Critical limb ischaemia
An aching muscle pain that is brought about by exersise and rapidly relived by rest?
Intermittent claudication
3 e.gs of why individuals with artherosclerosis can present with varied sign and symptoms
Mild atherosclrosis = asymtomatic
End vs anastomoses
Location
2 common lesion locations of artherosclerosis
Left coronary artery
Left internal carotid artery
Where does left coronary artery supply blood to
Left ventricle and left atrium
What is an anastomoses artery?
Arteries that unite with other arteries (limbs=joints)
Function of anastomoses arteries ?
Can provide an alternative channel of supply to a particular area
Sudden occlusion of a vessel(May result in tissue death)
Slow occlusion may allow time for dilation of anastomosing channels & keep tissue supply alive
What is an end artery?
Doesn’t unite with other arteries
If an occlusion develops here than death occurs on tissues supplied by blood vessel
What influences blood flow in veins ?
Respiratory pump
Muscular pump
Presence of valves ensure blood flow indirection towards heart
Plus: gravity, size of lumin, flow from capillaries, venues
Function on veins
Returns deoxygenated blood to the right side of the heart through the superior and inferior vena cava
Function of arteries
Carries oxygenated blood, nutrients, hormones from the left side of the heart to the tissues
Three layers of arteries and veins
Tunica intima (inner) Tunica media (mid) Tunica adventitia (outer)
Tunica intima
Low friction lining of blood vessel
Endothelial cells
Highly selective permeability
Tunia media
Mainly smooth muscle
Tunica adentitia
Connective tissue (elastin and collagen fibres)
Nerve supply of arteries and veins: response to..
Sympathic activity Incr. SA leads to vasoconstriction Reduced SA (or local auto regulation) leads to vasodilation
Arteriole blood supply (compared with veins)
Like veins: supplied my neighbouring arteries (only outer 2 layers)
Unlike veins: inner layer supplied by deffusion from actual blood within artery
Why are vein walls thinner than arteries?
Need to be compressed to return blood to heart
What’s the effect of a larger lumin in veins?
It’s increases the volume of blood pumped back to the heart
Veins are commonly described as?
Superficial or deep
Large arteries have? (Structure)
More elastin in outer layer: near heart so can dilate as a result of the increased pressure
Medium/small arteries have? (Structure)
More smooth muscle in intima media: need to respond locally through vaso constriction/dilation
Pre capillary sphincters function?
Control blood flow into capillary bed/network
Describe the natural progression Artherosclerosis ?
Chronic progressive
Risk factors of artherosclerosis
Incr. bp Incr. cholesterol Smoking Diabetes Obesity Physical inactivity
Emboli define (e.g.)
Any detected or abnormal mass that is carried in the blood stream (arteries/veins) to a distinct site..away from origin
E.g. Part of a thrombus broken off (called a thromboemboli)
Any other mass that could form emboli? Fat, air
Aneurysm define
Abnormal widening or ballooning of a portion of a blood vessel wall due to weakness, most common in arteries
Can rupture
How does atherosclerosis affect health systems?
Supply vs demand (O2)
Speed of on set
Local arterial vascular pattern (end or anastomoses)
Type of tissue being under perfused
Common signs and symptoms of atherosclerosis
Angina Asymtomatic Reduced exercise tolerance Breathlessness Myocardial infarction
Ischemia define
Restriction in blood supply to tissues
Compare and contrast stable and unstable angina
Both: discomfort/pain (for unstable worsens over time)
Location: retrosternal, radiate to back, arms, jaw (classically left side)
Contrast: stable: relation to exertion/emotional stress but unstable: unpredictable ie at rest, sleep
Duration: stable: eased with rest +/or nitrates
Unstable: generally not eased by rest or nitrates
Artherosclerosis affecting left carotid can lead to?
Decreased blood to brain
Stroke
Asymtamatic
Deep vein thrombosis
Formation of a thrombus in a deep vein
Dvt signs & symptoms
Asymptotic Right lower leg may be Painful Swollen Red Superficial veins dilated
