CNS

Question 1

elevated enzyme in amnion when there is failure of the neural tube to close

Answer 1

AFP

Question 2

froglike appearance with maternal polihydramnios

Answer 2

anencephaly

Question 3

most common cause of hydrocephalus in new borns

Answer 3

cerebral aqueduct stenosis

Question 4

foramen of monroe

Answer 4

lateral ventricles to third

Question 5

cerebral aqueduct

Answer 5

3rd to 4th ventricle

Question 6

foramina of magendie and luscha

Answer 6

from 4th ventricle to subarachnoid space

Question 7

absense of cerebellar vermis - dilation of 4th and hydrocephalus

Answer 7

dandy walker - cerebellar absense

Question 8

extension of cerebellar tonsils through foramen magnum

Answer 8

arnold chiari

Question 9

associations of arnold chiari

Answer 9

hydrocephalus, meningomyelocele, syringomyelia

Question 10

Syringomyelia

Answer 10

with trauma or arnold chiari. pain and temperature loss (anterior white commissure of spinothalamic tract) in capelike distribution.

Question 11

Dorsal Column

Answer 11

virbration and positional sense. lower centered upper peripheral.

Question 12

severe expansion of syringomyelia

Answer 12

damage to LMNs of the anterior horn. atrophy, weakness, impaired reflexes
Horner syndrome - damage to lateral horn of the hypothalamospinal tract.

Question 13

ptosis, myosis, and anhydrosis

Answer 13

Horner

Question 14

Poliomyelitis

Answer 14

damage to anterior horn - LMN, hyporeflexia and negative babinski

Question 15

werdnig-hoffman

Answer 15

inherited degen of anterior horn, AR - floppy baby, death in few years

Question 16

amyotrophic lateral sclerosis

Answer 16

degen of upper and lower motor of corticospinal tract - same presentation as polio but with addition of fasciculations. and lateral corticospinal tract degeneration.

Question 17

ALS vs Syringomyelia

Answer 17

no sensory loss but with atrophy and weekness of hands

Question 18

SOD1 (zinc-copper superoxide dismutase) mutation causing free radical injury to neurons.

Answer 18

Familial ALS

Question 19

trinucleotide repeat of GAA in frataxin gene

Answer 19

friedrich ataxia

Question 20

Frataxin

Answer 20

mitochondrial iron regulation. dysfunction = iron build-up and free radical damage.

Question 21

wheelchair bound early in life and associated with hypertrophic cardiomyopathy

Answer 21

freidrich ataxia

Question 22

inflammation of leptomeninges (pia and arachnoid)

Answer 22

meningitis

Question 23

pain and temp tract

Answer 23

spinothalamic

Question 24

pressure, touch, vibration, and proprioception tract

Answer 24

dorsal column - medial lemniscus

Question 25

voluntary movement tract

Answer 25

lateral corticospinal

Question 26

sympathetic input of the face

Answer 26

hypothalamospinal

Question 27

common septic meningitis neonates

Answer 27

Group B strep, e coli, listeria, H.influenza (non-vaccinated)

Question 28

common meningitis in children and teens

Answer 28

neisseria

Question 29

meningitis in adults and elderly

Answer 29

strep pneumo

Question 30

aseptic meningitis in children

Answer 30

Coxsackie B - fecal oral

Question 31

fungal meningitis

Answer 31

immunocompromized

Question 32

more specific to viral meningitis

Answer 32

photophobia

Question 33

indication of fungal meningitis

Answer 33

CSF lymphocytes and decreased glucose

Question 34

complications of bacterial meningitis

Answer 34

edema and herniation. hydrocephalus, hearing loss, seizures 2ry to fibrosis