CNS Flashcards
4 types of ion channels
Voltage-gated ion channels
Ligand-gated ion channels (ionotropic)
Membrane delimited metabotropic ion channels (G protein)
Diffusible second messenger metabotropic ion channels (G protein)
4 ion channel blockers
Na+ channels-
Nicotinic ACh receptor-
GABAa receptor-
Glycine receptor-
Na+ channels- tetrodotoxin
Nicotinic ACh receptor- alpha bungarotoxin
GABAa receptor- picrototoxin
Glycine receptor- strychnine
GABA
Barbiturates effect
Benzodiazepines effect
Influx of Cl- and therefor, hyperpolarization and inhibitory and depressants.
Barbiturates- stimulate GABA and increase DURATION of Cl- channel opening
Benzodiazepines- bind to another site on GABA and increase the frequency of Cl- channel opening (diazepam, lorazepam)
What is the most abundant neurotransmitter in the brain, and what it it’s receptor?
Glutamate (NMDA receptor)
Ketamine is a glutamate antagonist, and is a rapidly acting antidepressant
Name a nucleus that produces NE and 3 projection sites
Locus coeruleus is the major producer and a bunch of nuclei called “A” something…
Projection sites are hypothalamus, cortex, and subiculum (like 5-HT)
What is the synthesis/metabolism order of the catecholamines? Clinically relevant scenario?
Tyrosine DOPA Dopamine NE Epi
Dopamine deficiency in in parkinsons patients can be helped with L-DOPA supplementation.
How does cocaine work?
Serotonin–norepinephrine–dopamine reuptake inhibitor, also known as a triple reuptake inhibitor (TRI). It is addictive because of its effect on the mesolimbic reward pathway.
3 dopaminergic pathways and their physiologic roles
Producers to projection sites and pathway names:
Mesolimbic: Ventral tegmental area (VTA) and substantia nigra to the nucleus accumbens. Psychosis pathway
Tuberoinfundibular
Nigrostriatal: Substantia nigra to caudate/ puntamen. Parkinson’s
3 SNRI-Selective norepinephrine reuptake inhibitors
Selective norepinephrine reuptake inhibitors (SNRI) are
desipramine
maprotyline
protryptiline
Name an anti-psychotic and its receptor
Anti-psychotics are mostly DA2 receptor antagonists
Spiroperidol
haloperidol
Pimozide
phenothiazines
Primary nucleus of 5-HT production and two sites of projection
Major producing site is Raphe Magnus
projection sites are the hypothalamus, cortex, and subiculum (like NE)
Combination drug for the treatment of Parkinson’s
L-dopa is the precursor to dopamine, and carbidopa is an inhibitor of dopa decarboxylase in the periphery.
Combination drug, Sinemet, contains both!
5-HT reuptake inhibitors
fluoxetine
fluvoxamine
trazodone
imipramine
LSD is a 5-HT receptor agonist
