CNS Flashcards
Ganglia
collection of cell bodies in PNS
General Structures of Cerebrum (2). Each has 3 components.
cerebral hemispheres (cortex [gray matter], white matter, basal nuclei)
General Structures of Diencephalon (4)
thalamus, hypothalamus, epithalamus, retina
Organization of CNS
Fluid filled core surrounded by gray matter, then by white matter
Gray Matter
Mostly neuron CELL BODIES & short NON-MYELINATED NEURONS
White Matter
Mostly MYELINATED AXONS
Function: transmit nerve impulses between brain and rest of body
Where are gray matter found? (4)
- Cerebral Cortex
- Cerebellar Cortex
- Brain Stem
- Spinal Cord
4 Adult Brain Regions
- Cerebral Hemispheres
- Diencephalon
- Cerebellum
- Brain Stem
The thin membrane that separates the 2 lateral ventricles
Septum Pellucidum
Structures that together make up most of brain mass (2)
Cerebral Hemisphere (more than 80%)
Fluid that drains through brain ventricles
Cerebrospinal Fluid
The combined structures that make up the Cerebrum (2)
- left cerebral hemisphere
- right cerebral hemisphere
Cerebrum Major Structures (5)
H-ump
G-luck
S-uck
F-uck
L-ick
C-ock
Hemispheres
Gyrus
Sulcus
Fissure
Layers’
Cortex
The reason gyrus, sulcus, fissures in brain exist
To increase surface area of cortex
allows more neurons to be packed in smaller skull
allows complex cognitive function
Elevated Ridge
Gyrus
Sulcus
Groove, valley, depressions that separate large regions of the brain
Fissure
Deep Sulcus/ (Deep valley, depression, valley)
Cortex
Gray Matter
Layers of the Cerebral Hemispheres (3)
- Cerebral Cortex ( Superficial Gray Matter Layer)
- White Matter (Internal layer/myelinated fibers)
- Basal Nuclei ( islands of gray matter deep w/in the white matter layer
Embryological Brain Vesicles (3)
- Prosencephalon
- Mesencephalon
- Rhombencephalon
All neurons (in cortex) are…
Interneurons (between)
- Cerebral Cortex (Location, Composition, Function)
Location: Superficial layer of cerebral hemisphere
Composition: Mostly cell bodies (approx 40% of brain mass)
Function: The conscious mind; sensation, memory, understanding, voluntary movement.
Brodmann Areas
Functional areas of brain (in cerebral cortex) that link brain structures to function
The 3 types of neurons
afferent neurons (sensory)
efferent neurons (motor)
interneurons (CNS)
Contralateral
Ea Hemisphere controls opposite side of body
Cerebral Cortex - 3 types of functional areas
- Motor
- Sensory
- Association
Motor Cortex Areas (4)
Primary Motor Cortex
Premotor Cortex
Broca’s Area
Frontal Eye field
Primary Motor Cortex (2)
(Location, Components, Function)
Component: Pyramidal Cells and tracts
Motor Homunculus
Pyramidal Cells
Located: Primary motor cortex
- Lg neurons - conscious control of skilled voluntary skel muscle movement
Pyramidal Cells
Location: cells found on cortex, tracts run into spinal cord
Skilled voluntary movement
Precentral Primary Motor Cortex
Pyramidal Cell Tracts
Voluntary motor tracts (corticospinal)
Long axons of pyramidal cells that run project into spinal cord
Part of Primary Motor Cortex
Motor Homunculus:
1. Why are some body parts illustrated bigger than others?
- Which body parts in “motor” homunculus have the most precise motor control? (3)
- The bigger the picture of the body part the more innervated\
- Face, hands, tongue
Premotor Cortex
Controls & plans learned movements
Ie: playing a musical instrument
Primary Motor Cortex vs Pre Motor Cortex
Primary: executes movements. movements are simple and precise (1 keyboard stroke)
somatotopic map
Premotor: plans and coordinates complex movements (sensory guided)
no somatotopic map
Broca’s Area
Function: Directs Speech
Location: left hemi, frontal lobe, primary motor cortex
Direct Eye Field
L: Motor Area
*Voluntary eye movement
Somatotopy
Mapping brain/spinal points to related body parts
RE: Motor Homunculus
1. How do muscles grouped together on the motor homunculus work?
- Term for L or R brain hemisphere controlling opposite side of body
Muscles grouped together usually work together
Contralateral
Where is Motor Homunculus mapped on brain?
Precentral Gyrus
Primary Motor Cortex
Where is the Motor Homunculus found in brain?
Post central gyrus
Primary Somatosensory Cortex
Sensory Areas of Cerebral Cortex and related Association Areas (7)
P.S.O.G.V V.A.
1.Primary Somatosensory Cortex - Somatic Sensation
2. Somatosensory Assoc. Cortex - Somatic Sensation
4. Olfactory Cortex - Smell
5. Gustatory Cortex - Taste
3. Vestibular Cortex - Equilibrium
- Visual Areas (Primary Visual Cortex & Visual Assoc Area)
- Auditory Areas (Primary Auditory Cortex & Auditory Assoc Area)
Brodmann Areas
Functional Areas
Sensory Areas
(Location and General Function)
Location: Parietal, Temporal, Occipital
Gen Function: Conscious Awareness of sensation
Primary Somatosensory Cortex
(Location & Function)
Located: Postcentral gyrus in Parietal lobe
Function: Process somatic sensation from skin, skel muscle & Spatial Discrimination
Spatial Discrimination
Neurons ability to identify body part being stimulated
Primary Somatosensory cortex
Somatosensory Homunculus
Map Location
Postcentral Gyrus of Primary Somatosensory Cortex
Most sensitive body parts of Somatosensory homunculus (3)
Face, lips, finger tips
Somatosensory Association Cortex
Located posterior to Sensory Cortex
Function: interpret/ integrate somatic sensory input.
Ie: feeling for your keys in your pocket and knowing they are keys
Primary Visual Areas [Cortex and Assoc]
Location and Function
Primary Visual Cortex:
Location: Calcarine Sulcus of Occipital Lobe.
Func: received visual info from retina
Visual Assoc Area:
Location Occipital Lobe
Func: interpret visual stimuli
Sensory Cortexes (5)
Primary Somatosensory Cortex
Somatosensory Assoc Cortex
Olfactory Cortex - Smell
Gustatory Cortex - Taste
Vestibular Cortex - Equilibrium
Sensory Cortex’s w/ Association Areas (2)
Primary Visual Cortex
Visual Assoc. Area
Primary Auditory Cortex Auditory Association Area
Olfactory Cortex
Location: Piriform Lobe on Temporal Lobe
Function: Interpret smell
Gustatory Cortex
Location: Insula
Function: Perceive taste
Vestibular Cortex
Location: Posterior part of Insula
Function: conscious awareness of equilibrium/balance
Auditory Areas [Cortex & Assoc.]
Primary Auditory Cortex
Location: Temporal Lobe Superior margin
Func: Hearing (loudness, pitch, location)
Auditory Assoc Area: Sound perception (scream, speech, music, memories of sound)
What do the sulcus’s seperate? Which lobes?
Anopsia
Loss of sight
Anosmia
loss of sense of smell
