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Physiology > CNS > Flashcards

CNS Flashcards

1
Q

Major divisions of nervous system

A

Central nervous system
peripheral nervous system

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2
Q

CNS

A

brain + spinal cord

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3
Q

PNS

A

nerves that connect CNS to peripheral structures

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4
Q

neurons

A

functional unit of nervous system
generates electrical signals = action potentials

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5
Q

glial cells

A

non neuronal cells that support neurons
protective

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6
Q

afferent neurons

A

takes info from periphery to CNS
terminals contain sensory receptors
cell body is in PNS - peripheral axon connects terminals to cell body; central axon synapses with interneuron in CNS

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7
Q

interneurons

A

lie entirely within CNS
> 99% of all neurons

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8
Q

efferent neuron

A

most of the axon is in the PNS
cell body is in the CNS; receives signal from interneuron
long axon → length of axon = speed of response

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9
Q

astrocytes

A

glial cells; star shaped
provide neurons with nutrients → connect blood + neuron
formation of BBB

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10
Q

oligodendrocytes

A

glial cells
make myelin in CNS

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11
Q

ependymal cells

A

glial cells
make CSF

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12
Q

microglia

A

glial cells
‘immune cells’ of CNS → support + protection

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13
Q

Schwann cells

A

make myelin in PNS

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14
Q

lobes of the brain

A

have corresponding bones that form the skull

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15
Q

central sulcus

A

separates frontal and parietal lobes

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16
Q

lateral sulcus

A

separates temporal lobe from frontal and parietal lobes

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17
Q

planes

A

coronal = front and back
horizontal = top and bottom
sagittal = hemispheres

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18
Q

anterior

A

in front of

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19
Q

posterior

A

behind

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20
Q

superior

A

above

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21
Q

inferior

A

below

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22
Q

dorsal

A

top (of longitudinal axis of forebrain)
back (of longitudinal axis of brainstem + spinal cord)

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23
Q

ventral

A

bottom (of longitudinal axis of forebrain)
front (of longitudinal axis of brainstem + spinal cord)

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24
Q

forebrain

A

cerebrum (all lobes)
diencephalon

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25
Q

midbrain

A

eye movement
part of brainstem

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26
Q

hindbrain

A

cerebellum
pons
medulla oblongata (brainstem)

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27
Q

diencephalon

A

thalamus
pineal gland
hypothalamus
pituitary gland

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28
Q

thalamus

A

integrating center and relay station for sensory and motor information

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29
Q

pineal gland

A

melatonin secretion in response to darkness = sleep

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30
Q

hypothalamus

A

homeostasis
behavioural drive

temperature control, water balance, eating + drinking, emotional behaviour
regulates reproductive system and circadian rhythms

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31
Q

pituitary gland

A

hormone secretion
‘master’ gland

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32
Q

brainstem

A

midbrain
pons
medulla oblongata
reticular formation

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33
Q

pons

A

relay station between cerebrum and cerebellum
coordination of breathing

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34
Q

medulla oblongata

A

control of involuntary functions
ex. breathing, blood pressure

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35
Q

reticular formation

A

arousal
sleep/wake cycle
muscle tone
pain modulation
locomotor initiating centre

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36
Q

cerebrum

A

outer shell of grey matter = cell bodies
(grey matter contains pyramidal cells)
inner layer of white matter = myelinated axon tracts

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37
Q

ventricles

A

make CSF
contact with subarachnoid space

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38
Q

limbic system

A

septum, cingulate gyrus, amygdala, hippocampus, olfactory bulbs
surrounds thalamus + hypothalamus
associated with learning/memory, emotion, visceral function (appetite), sex, endocrine function

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39
Q

cingulate gyrus

A

emotions
pain modulation

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40
Q

septum

A

contains septal nuclei
connect limbic structures to cortical areas

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41
Q

olfactory bulbs

A

smell
can be associated with memories + emotions

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42
Q

hippocampus

A

memory
learning

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43
Q

amygdala

A

emotions → anxiety + fear

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44
Q

cerebral cortex

A

participates in perception, generation of skilled movements, and cognitive functions → reasoning, learning, and memory

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45
Q

basal ganglia

A

initiation of movement and coordination of skeletal muscle activity

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46
Q

cerebellum

A

coordinates movements → eye movement; posture and balance
some forms of learning

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47
Q

spinal cord

A

locomotor pattern generator → produces rhythmic movements
spinal reflexes

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48
Q

protective elements of CNS

A

bone → skull, vertebrae
meninges: dura mater, arachnoid mater, pia mater
cerebrospinal fluid
Blood brain barrier

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49
Q

cerebrospinal fluid

A

cushions structures in subarachnoid space

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50
Q

blood brain barrier

A

‘chemical’ protection
helps maintain a stable environment for the brain
controls rates + substances that enter extracellular fluid of brain
endothelial cells form tight junctions around blood vessels
sealed by astrocytic end-feet

51
Q

meninges

A

brain → pia mater → subarachnoid space → arachnoid mater → venous blood → dura mater → skull

52
Q

spinal nerves

A

31:
8 cervical
12 thoracic
5 lumbar
5 sacral
1 coccygeal

extend from spinal cord; correspond to regions of the spinal cord

53
Q

dermatome

A

area of skin innervated by corresponding spinal nerve

54
Q

myotome

A

set of muscles innervated by corresponding spinal nerve

55
Q

cervical

A

head, neck, shoulders, arm, hand

56
Q

thoracic

A

trunk

57
Q

lumbar

A

waist, front of legs, feet

58
Q

sacral

A

buttocks, genitals, back of legs, feet

59
Q

coccygeal

A

tail bone

60
Q

roles of spinal cord

A

send sensory info to brain
send motor commands to periphery
coordinate reflexes
contains central pattern generators

61
Q

dorsal root

A

carries afferent info to CNS

afferent neuron axons enter spinal cord from peripheral nerves via dorsal root

62
Q

ventral root

A

carries efferent info to muscles + glands

axons of efferent neurons leave spinal cord via ventral root

63
Q

reflexes

A

motor response without signals from brain

64
Q

central pattern generators

A

control rhythmic movements

65
Q

dorsal root ganglia

A

contain cell bodies of afferent neurons entering dorsal root

66
Q

spinal cord matter

A

opposite from brain
grey matter is inside
white matter is outside

67
Q

grey matter in spinal cord

A

dorsal horn: sensory nuclei
- somatic sensory nuclei (afferents synapse)
- visceral sensory nuclei
ventral horn: motor nuclei
- somatic motor nuclei (efferents leave)
- autonomic efferent nuclei

68
Q

white matter in spinal cord

A

tracts of axons carrying info to (ascending) and from (descending) the brain

69
Q

ascending tracts

A

sensory information

70
Q

descending tracts

A

motor information

71
Q

spinal reflex

A

sensory information enters the spinal cord → acted on without input from brain
sensory info about stimulus might still be sent to the brain

response initiated without brain’s input

72
Q

spinal cord injury

A

damage at given level affects sensation + motor control below that level

73
Q

Brown-Sequard syndrome

A

injury to one side of the spinal cord
loss of pain, temp, + light touch on contralateral side
loss of vibration, motor function, deep touch, + position on ipsilateral side

74
Q

biogenic amines

A

catecholamines - DA, NE, E
seotonin

75
Q

amino acids

A

excitatory = glu
inhibitory = GABA + glycine

most common in CNS

76
Q

nAChR

A

fast EPSP

77
Q

mAChR

A

slow EPSP

78
Q

NE

A

important in CNS - alertness, attention, cognitive function, stress reactions (anxiety)

79
Q

serotonin

A

neuromodulatory (+ NT) at every structure in brain + spinal cord
16 receptor subtypes
excitatory or inhibitory

regulates food intake, reproductive behaviour, emotion

80
Q

SSRI

A

treatment for depression

81
Q

LSD

A

stimulates brain 5HT 2A receptor = visual hallucinations

82
Q

glutamate

A

excitatory
50% of exc synapses in CNS
ionotropic + metabotropic receptors

83
Q

glycine + GABA

A

inhibitory
ionotropic - Cl- selective

too much = loss of consciousness, coma
too little = seizure

homeostasis

84
Q

learning

A

acquisition of information as a consequence of experience

85
Q

memory

A

storage of learned information
ability to retain + recall info

86
Q

declarative memory (explicit)

A

retention and recall of experiences
recall needs conscious attention

consolidation =
st: hippocampus, amygdala, limbic system
lt: association areas

87
Q

procedural memory (implicit)

A

memory for skilled behaviours
independent of conscious understanding

consolidation =
st: widely distributed
lt: sensorimotor cortex, basal nuclei, cerebellum

88
Q

short term memory

A

(working)
susceptible to external interference

89
Q

long term memory

A

survive disruptions
days to years

90
Q

consolidation

A

short term to long term memory

91
Q

long term potentiation

A

category of synaptic plasticity

synapses are potentiated
lasting increase in effectiveness
processes alter gene expression
new proteins → more synapses, more transmitters, more receptors on postsynaptic membrane

92
Q

wernicke’s area

A

understanding language/comprehension

93
Q

broca’s area

A

produces speech/expression

94
Q

integration of spoken language

A

read words: eye → visual cortex → wernicke’s area → broca’s area → motor cortex

hear words: ear → auditory cortex → wernicke’s area → broca’s area → motor cortex

95
Q

wernicke’s aphasia

A

receptive aphasia
unable to understand sensory input

96
Q

broca’s aphasia

A

expressive aphasia
unable to understand complicated sentences
difficulty speaking or writing normal syntax

97
Q

global aphasia

A

both receptive and expressive
damage to both areas

98
Q

EEG

A

measures electrical activities in the brain using electrodes
diagnostic tool

pattern changes in sleep

99
Q

stages of sleep

A

nREM: n1, n2, n3
REM

EEG shifts to lower frequency, larger amplitude wave patterns

100
Q

n1

A

light sleep
theta waves intersperse alpha pattern

101
Q

n2

A

both theta + delta waves
sleep spindles
K complexes

102
Q

n3

A

delta waves
slow wave / deep sleep

103
Q

beta rhythym

A

alert
small amplitude, high frequency

104
Q

alpha rhythym

A

drowsy
relaxed with eyes closed

higher amplitude + higher frequency waves

105
Q

REM

A

paradoxical sleep: intense EEG activity (similar to alert state)
deep sleep
dreaming
50-90 min after sleep onset

106
Q

sleep

A

homeostatic requirement
deprivation → impairs immune system, cognitive + memory deficits, psychosis + death

reactivation of neural pathways

107
Q

motivation

A

internal signals that shape voluntary behaviours

reticular activation system includes mesolimbic + mesocortical dopamine pathways

108
Q

emotion

A

results from relationship between individual and environment
internal attitudes
external responses

forebrain structures: modulation, direction, understanding
limbic areas: inner emotions
lateral hypothalamus: rage response

109
Q

primary motivated behaviour

A

homeostasis

110
Q

secondary motivated behaviour

A

pleasure or addictive behaviours
reward + punishment

111
Q

dementias

A

neurodegenerative disorders with decline in memory and other cognitive skills that reduce a person’s ability to perform everyday activities

112
Q

Alzheimer’s disease

A

abnormal deposits of proteins form amyloid (neuritic) plaques and tau (neurofibrillary) tangles in brain - medial temporal lobe + cortical structures

most common cause of dementia in older adults

slowly progressive
shrinkage of cerebral cotex
enlarged ventricles
shrinkage of hippocampus

113
Q

senile plaques

A

deposits of beta-amyloid protein
abnormal accumulation in hippocampus, amygdala, cerebral cortex
damages axons, dendrites, synapses

114
Q

neurofibrillary tangles

A

clumps of hyperphosphorylated tau protein
accumulates in cytoplasm, axons, + dendrites

115
Q

synaptic loss

A

defects in axonal transport
loss of dendritic spines, presynaptic terminals, axons

116
Q

ACh hypothesis of AD

A

ACh - learning + memory
B-amyloid affects ACh neurotransmission
reduced choline uptake + release
→ degeneration of neurons

117
Q

AD risk factors

A

age - late onset (65+)
genetics - mutations in APP, PSEN-1, PSEN-2,, ApoE
sex - females
lifestyle
medical factors
environmental causes

118
Q

Parkinson’s disease

A

degenerative progressive disorder
affects neurons in substantia nigra - pars compacta (basal ganglia)
dopaminergic neurons - control of body movement + muscle tone

idiopathic = unknown cause

119
Q

symptoms of PD

A

appear after 60-70% of DA neurons are lost
parkinsonian gait
bradykinesia
reduced arm swing (muscle rigidity)
akinesia
emotionless face
asymmetric resting tremor
shuffling steps

120
Q

tx for PD

A

increase DA in SN
L-dopa (precursor to DA) → can cross BBB
DBS - stimulation of basal ganglia to reduce symptoms

121
Q

ALS

A

progressive neurodegenerative disease of upper + lower motor neurons
degeneration of axons in anterior + lateral corticospinal tracts
excitotoxicity
sporadic (not genetic)
first onset of symptoms between 50-65

122
Q

symptoms of ALS

A

muscle weakness, twitching, cramping
slurred speech
trouble swallowing
impairment of muscles

123
Q

risk factors of ALS

A

age + sex (higher in males)
smoking, environmental factors

Physiology (12 decks)

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