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Physiology > ANS > Flashcards

ANS Flashcards

1
Q

autonomic

A

autonomous, carries out its functions involuntarily

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2
Q

functions of ANS

A

maintenance of homeostasis → regulate to maintain constant internal environment
activation of emergency mechanisms (e.g. in response to stress)
housekeeping functions (e.g. digestion)

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3
Q

neuron

A

nerve cell
responsible for:
- receiving sensory input from external world
- relaying motor commands to muscles
- transforming + relaying electrical signals in between

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4
Q

nerve fiber

A

axon of neuron

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5
Q

nerve

A

bundle of axons that transmits impulses of sensation to the CNS and impulses from CNS to muscles + tissues/organs

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6
Q

afferent division of NS

A

detection of stimuli by somatic, visceral, and special sensory receptors
send info to CNS

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7
Q

efferent division of NS

A

sends processed signal from CNS to somatic or autonomic motor neurons

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8
Q

somatic motor neurons

A

target skeletal muscle

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9
Q

autonomic motor neurons

A

sympathetic, parasympathetic, and enteric
target smooth muscle, cardiac muscle, and glands

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10
Q

ANS reflex

A

stimulus → sensor → integrator in CNS (via afferent pathway)
CNS → effector (via efferent pathway) = response

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11
Q

mixed nerves

A

contain both afferent and efferent fibers
c. nerves III-VII, IX, and X
all s. nerves

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12
Q

cranial nerves

A

12 pairs
attached at brain

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13
Q

spinal nerves

A

31 pairs
connect with spinal cord
correspond to levels of spinal cord (C1-8, T1-12, L1-5, S1-5)

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14
Q

somatic efferent nerves

A

single neuron
single target
single synapse
release of ACh = excitatory

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15
Q

autonomic efferent nerves

A

2 neuron chain connected by a synapse in a ganglion
multiple targets
excitatory or inhibitory effects

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16
Q

ganglion

A

cluster of neuron cell bodies outside the CNS

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17
Q

Somatic NS

A

voluntary control
skeletal muscle
excitatory response = contraction
one neuron in efferent pathway
NT = ACh
myelinated fiber

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18
Q

ANS

A

involuntary control
smooth muscle, cardiac muscle, glands
excitatory or inhibitory response
two neuron chain in efferent pathway
NT = ACh, NE, E, or others
myelinated preganglionic fiber, unmyelinated post ganglionic fiber

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19
Q

preganglionic fiber

A

myelinated
cell body in CNS
axon extends in PNS and synapses with 2nd neuron in ganglion

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20
Q

postganglionic fiber

A

unmyelinated
cell body in ganglion
axon extends to targets

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21
Q

sympathetic NS

A

short preganglionic fiber
ganglion is close to spinal cord
long postganglionic fiber

cell bodies of preganglionic fibers are located in T1-T12, L1-L2

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22
Q

parasympathetic NS

A

long preganglionic fiber
ganglion is close to target tissue
short postganglionic fiber

cell bodies of preganglionic fibers are located in S2-S4 + brainstem (cranial nerves III, VII, IX, and X)

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23
Q

thoracolumbar

A

SNS
sympathetic trunks lie on either side of vertebral column

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24
Q

paravertebral ganglion/sympathetic trunk

A

chain of sympathetic ganglia

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25
Q

spinal nerve

A

where dorsal and ventral roots come together

26
Q

sympathetic ganglion

A

preganglionic neuron synapses with postganglionic neuron

27
Q

collateral ganglion

A

prevertebral sympathetic ganglia located in front of vertebral column, outside the sympathetic chain (close to viscera + arteries)

celial, superior mesenteric, and inferior mesenteric ganglion

28
Q

sympathetic efferent neural pathways

A

axon of preganglionic neuron extends from somatic sensory nuclei (gray matter) via ventral root to spinal nerve
it leaves spinal nerve via white ramus + enters ganglion

  1. synapses immediately with postganglionic neuron in ganglion on same spinal level → axon returns to spinal nerve via gray rasmus
  2. continues up or down sympathetic trunk to ganglion of another spinal level before synapsing with postganglionic neuron
  3. passes through chain towards collateral ganglion as splanchnic nerve → synapses with postganglionic neuron
29
Q

communicating rami

A

branches which connect a paravertebral ganglion to a spinal nerve
white and grey

30
Q

white ramus

A

myelinated preganglionic fiber leaves the spinal nerve and enters sympathetic ganglion

31
Q

grey ramus

A

unmyelinated postganglionic fiber leaves the ganglion and re-enters spinal nerve

32
Q

functions of SNS

A

fight or flight response

33
Q

eyes in f or f response

A

pupil dilation
adjustment for far vision

34
Q

CV system in f or f response

A

increase heart rate + force of contraction
increase blood flow to working muscles

35
Q

blood vessels in in f or f response

A

vasoconstriction = regulate blood pressure

36
Q

lungs in f or f response

A

dilation of bronchioles and inhibition of mucus secretion
= easier breathing; more O2

37
Q

digestive tract in f or f response

A

decreased motility, inhibition of digestive secretions

38
Q

endocrine glands in f or f response

A

stimulation of E and NE secretion into bloodstream
adrenal medulla

39
Q

exocrine glands in f or f response

A

stimulation of secretion in sweat glands
decreased saliva production

40
Q

bladder in in f or f response

A

prevent voiding

41
Q

genitals in in f or f response

A

role in reproduction
males: emission
females: uterus contraction

42
Q

dual autonomic innervation

A

most organs are innervated by both parasympathetic and sympathetic neurons
exception: adrenal medulla, most blood vessels, and sweat glands = only sympathetic innervation

vagus nerve (p.s.) innervates heart, lungs, stomach, large + small intestine

43
Q

autonomic tone

A

background level of activity maintained by both para and sympathetic divisions
balance shifts in accordance with body’s needs

activated reciprocally - activity of one decreases when the other’s increases

44
Q

antagonistic effects

A

sympathetic = decrease GI motility, increase HR
parasympathetic = increase GI motility, decrease HR

45
Q

cooperative effects

A

salivary glands - sympathetic and parasympathetic innervation change the type and volume of saliva produced

male reproductive system - erection (para) and emission (sympathetic)

46
Q

variscosity

A

chains of swelling along the branches of a postganglionic fiber
contains synaptic vesicles → release NT

both sympathetic and parasympathetic postG fibers

47
Q

acetylcholine

A

all autonomic ganglia (released from all preG neurons)
parasympathetic postG endings
some sympathetic post G endings - sweat glands, blood vessels of some skeletal muscle

48
Q

norepinephrine

A

most sympathetic postG endings
released from adrenal medulla

49
Q

cholinergic receptors

A

bind ACh
nicotinic and muscarinic

50
Q

nicotinic receptors

A

N(M) found in skeletal muscle
N(N) found on postsynaptic cell bodies in all autonomic ganglia

ionotropic = receptor is ligand-gated ion channel

51
Q

binding of ACh to nicotinic receptor

A

opens cation channel = flow of Na+ and K+
larger movement of Na+ causes rapid depolarization of postG neurons
produces EPSP

52
Q

muscarinic receptors

A

5 subtypes: M1-5
found on effector cell membranes (smooth muscle, cardiac muscle, glands)

metabotropic = GPCR

53
Q

binding of ACh to muscarinic receptor

A

excitation or inhibition of target through GPCR

54
Q

atropine

A

blocks muscarinic receptor
found in nightshade (belladonna)

55
Q

adrenergic receptors

A

bind NE/E
alpha (1, 2) and beta (1-3) receptors
found on effector cell membranes (smooth muscle, cardiac muscle, glands)
metabotropic

56
Q

binding of NE/E

A

excitation or inhibition of target through GPCR

57
Q

convergence

A

numerous presynaptic neurons form synapses with a single postsynaptic neuron
coming together

58
Q

divergence

A

small number of presynaptic neurons form synapses with a large number of postsynaptic neurons
spreading out

seen more in SNS than PNS
SNS = diffuse
PNS = specific

59
Q

integrating centers for autonomic reflexes

A

spinal cord
medulla oblongata
hypothalamus

60
Q

spinal cord

A

integrates autonomic reflexes (urination, defecation)
brain is able to influence these reflexes

61
Q

medulla oblongata

A

contains major ANS reflex centers (CV, respiratory, digestive activity)

62
Q

hypothalamus

A

integration and command center for autonomic functions
temperature regulation

Physiology (12 decks)

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