CNS 1 Flashcards
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Miochol-E (acetylcholine chloride)
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Class: Direct-acting cholinergic agonist.
Pharmacology: Administered intraocular due to AChE metabolism when administered topically, non-selective for receptors, not well absorbed due to quaternary ammonium ion, metabolized by pseudocholinesterase.
Indications: Miosis of the iris in seconds after delivery of the lens in cataract surgery, in penetrating keratoplasty, iridectomy.
Adverse: Corneal edema, corneal clouding, corneal decompensation, rarely bradycardia, hypotension, flushing, breathing difficulties, sweating
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Provocholine (methacholine)
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Class: Direct-acting choline ester cholinergic agonist.
Pharmacology: beta-methyl analog of ACh, resistant to pseudocholinesterase metabolism, S(+) enantiomer is more selective for muscarinic receptors, R(-) enantiomer is a better inhibitor of AChE, given as racemate, causes bronchoconstriction.
Indications: Diagnosis of bronchial airway hyper-reactivity in people who do not have clinically apparent asthma.
Adverse: Airflow limitation, don’t give to those with recent stroke, myocardial infarction, uncontrolled hypertension or pregnancy, must have emergency resuscitation equiptment, oxygen and medications to treat bronchospasm on hand
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Urecholine (bethanechol)
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Class: Direct-acting carbamate ester cholinergic agonist.
Pharmacology: Binds to muscarinic receptors/S(+) enantiomer is more selective for muscarinic receptors, orally more potent, causes contraction of detrusor muscle, stimulates gastric motility/restore peristalsis.
Indications: Urinary retention, especially postoperatively, postpartum or in neurogenic atony of the bladder with retention (spina bifida)
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Miostat (carbachol)
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Class: Direct-acting carbamate ester cholinergic agonist.
Pharmacology: Potent cholinergic agonist, produces constriction of the iris and ciliary body which reduces intraocular pressure.
Indications: To obtain miosis during surgery, to reduce intensity of intraocular pressure, glaucoma.
Adverse: Corneal clouding, persistent bullous karatopathy, retinal detachment, postoperative iritis, side effects of flushing, sweating, epigastric distress, abdominal cramps, tightness in the bladder, headache
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Isopto Carpine (pilocarpine)
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Class: Direct -acting alkaloid cholinergic agonist.
Pharmacology: Muscarinic cholinergic agonist.
Indications:Reduction of intraocular pressure (IOP) in glaucoma or ocular hypertension, prevention of postoperative IOP, induction of miosis.
Adverse: headache/browache, accommodative change, eye irritation/pain, blurred vision/visual impairment
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Salagen (pilocarpine)
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Class: Direct -acting alkaloid cholinergic agonist.
Pharmacology: Muscarinic cholinergic agonist.
Indications: Xerostomia (dry mouth) from salivary gland hypofunction caused from radiotherapy or in patients with Sjogren’s syndrome.
Adverse: headache/browache, accommodative change, eye irritation/pain, blurred vision/visual impairment
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Evoxac (cevimeline)
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Class: Direct -acting alkaloid cholinergic agonist.
Pharmacology: Muscarinic agonist with high affinity for M3 receptors on lacrimal & salivary gland epithelia.
Indications: For long-lasting sialogogic action (increase saliva).
Adverse: Fewer side effects than pilocarpine
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Cognex (tacrine)
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Class: Indirect-acting reversible competitive AChE inhibitor.
Pharmacology: Binds noncovalently to anionic side on AChE, no longer prescribed.
Indications: Alzheimer’s Disease.
Adverse: Hepatoxicity
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Aricept (donepezil)
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Class: Indirect-acting reversible competitive AChE inhibitor.
Pharmacology:Binds noncovalently to anionic side on AChE.
Indications: Alzheimer’s Disease
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Antilirium (physostigmine)
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Class: Indirect-acting semi-reversible AChE inhibitor.
Pharmacology: Carbamyl esters that interact with the anionic site on AChE, temporary covalent bond, targets postganglionic parasympathetic junctions, no quaternary ammonium so can penetrate the BBB.
Indications: Eye drops in treating glaucoma, to reverse the toxic CNS effects due to anticholinergic drugs
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Mestinon (pyridostigmine)
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Class: Indirect-acting semi-reversible AChE inhibitor.
Pharmacology: Carbamyl ester, lasts longer than both neostigmine and physostigmine.
Indications: Oral treatment for myasthenia gravis, was given in anticipation of nerve-agent attack in Persian Gulf War
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Prostigmin (neostigmine)
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Class: Indirect-acting semi-reversible AChE inhibitor.
Pharmacology: Carbamyl ester, lasts longer than physostigmine.
Indications: Oral treatment for myasthenia gravis, competitively reverse neuromuscular block induced during surgery
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Reminyl/Razadyne (galantamine)
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Class: Indirect-acting reversible competitive AChE inhibitor.
Pharmacology: May be a nicotinic receptor agonist, inhibitors of CYP3A4 and 2D6 will increase bioavailability.
Indications: Alzheimer’s Disease
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Exelon (rivastigmine)
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Indirect-acting pseudo-irreversible AChE inhibitor.
Pharmacology: Crosses BBB, inhibits AChE for 10 hours, available as transdermal patches.
Indicaitons: Alzheimer’s Disease.
Adverse: Nausea, vomiting, anorexia, weight loss
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Isolurophate (Floropryl)
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Indirect-acting irreversible AChE inhibitor.
Pharmacology: Topical as ointment, acts for 4 weeks, reduce IOP.
Indications: Glaucoma.
Adverse: Toxicity associated with generation of cataracts and retinal detachments
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Echothiophate (Phospholine)
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Indirect-acting irreversible AChE inhibitor.
Pharmacology: Topical as solution, acts for 4 weeks, reduce IOP.
Indicaitons: Glaucoma.
Adverse: Toxicity associated with generation of cataracts and retinal detachments