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Patho/phys > CNS 1 > Flashcards

CNS 1 Flashcards

1
Q

Do neurons divide in an adult?

A

NO

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2
Q

What needs more O2… neurons or astrocytes?

A

Neurons!

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3
Q

Cytotoxic vs vasogenic cerebral edema…

A

Cototoxic == swelling of cells with injury! REVERSIBLE

Vasogenic == leaking of cells – irreversible!

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4
Q

Subfalcine herniation

A

Cingulate gyrus under fall

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5
Q

Transtentorial herniation

A

Temporal lobe under tentorium

*life threatening

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6
Q

Tonsillar herniation

A

Tonsils through foramen magnum!

Worst one!

Life threatening!!

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7
Q

Concussion vs contusion

A

Concussion == trauma causing altered mental state

Contusion = bruising of the brain

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8
Q

Diffuse axonal injury

A

Often caused by trauma – acceleration or deceleration

== degeneration of axons in white matter – can lead to a vegetative state

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9
Q

Do epidural or subdural hematoma cause more pressure?

A

Epidural hematoma!

Epidural = meninges artery

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10
Q

Global cerebral ischemia

A

Often from cardiac arrest – lack of O2 globally

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11
Q

Transient Ischemic Attack – TIA

A

NOT a stroke!

You recover very fast

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12
Q

2 types of stroke…

Which is more common

A

Ischemic - block of blood supply

Hemorrhagic – brain bleed

Ischemic is 85%!

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13
Q

2 types of infarct… which is worse?

A

Core and penumbra

Core is worse! - death!

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14
Q

Blood is Neurotoxic!

A

True

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15
Q

Where do saccular aneurysms typically occur?

A

At the branch point of the circle of Willis

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16
Q

What is the most common brain tumor?

A

Metastatic tumors are most common…

But of primary tumors.. gliomas make up 80%

17
Q

meningiomas vs. glioblastoma vs. oligodendroglioma vs. ependymoma

A

Meningioma = on outside of brain… good prognosis (I or II)

Glioblastoma = grade IV, 1 year to live

Oligodendroglioma = better prognosis

Ependymoma == very hard to reach and treat

18
Q

Triad of symptoms of meningitis…

What are the two kinds and which one is worse?

A

Triad

  • fever
  • stiff neck
  • headache
Acute pyogenic (bacterial) = BAD
Acute viral = just rest
19
Q

Encephalitis is what..?

What are the symptoms of mild and severe?

A

Inflammation of the parenchyma (functional tissue of brain)

Mild = flu like symptoms

Severe = seizures and coma

20
Q

Neurofibromatosis Type I characteristics

3 major subsets…

A

Progressive development of tumors!

  1. Neurofibromas – benign of Schwann and fibroblasts
  2. Gliomas – often at the optic nerve
  3. Cafe at lait spots – >6 - flat
21
Q

Multiple Sclerosis

Clinical features
Cause
Histopathic characteristics
Prognosis

A

Clinical = slowed conductance

Cause - autoimmune attacking myelin in the CNS

Histo - MS plaques

Prognosis - most common is relapsing

22
Q

Alzheimers

Clinical features
Cause
Histopathic characteristics
Prognosis

A

Clinical = impairment of memory, dimentia

Cause = neurons dying globally

Histo = senile plaques (AB amyloid) neurofibrillary tangles (tau), amyloid angioplasty - AB protein weaken vessel walls

Prognosis - meh provisional

MOST COMMON
DIAGNOSED AT AUTOPSY

23
Q

Parkinson’s

Clinical features
Cause
Histopathic characteristics
Prognosis

A

Clinical = tremor, bradykinesia

Cause – loss of dopaminergic neurons (especially in substantia Nigra)

Histo - Lewy body deposits

Prognosis - meh

24
Q

Lewy Body Dimentia

A

Often with Parkinson’s
Lewy bodies in brain
REM sleep disorder, hallucinations

25
Q

ALS – Amyotrophic lateral sclerosis

Clinical features
Cause
Histopathic characteristics
Prognosis

A

Clinical =
UPPER –> spastic, strong reflexes

LOWER –> paralysis, weakness

Cause – loss of upper and lower motor neurons

Prognosis – in 50’s, not good .. locked in syndrome – death from respiratory failure

Can live with ventilator!

26
Q

Traumatic Brain injury (TBI)

Mild vs. severe

A

Mild = dimentia pugilistica, pugilistic Parkinsonism

Severe = risk factors for Alzheimer’s and Parkinson’s

Sports repeated injuries!

Patho/phys (13 decks)

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