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CNM > CNM Purple Thin Book Study Questions 2013 > Flashcards

CNM Purple Thin Book Study Questions 2013 Flashcards

1
Q

Cancer screening recommendations from American Cancer Society on mammograms

A

Women age 40 or older should have annual mammograms continuing for as long as the woman is in good health

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2
Q

Cancer screening recommendations from American Cancer Society on Paps

A

Age 21-29, q 3 yrs if wnl
Age 30-39 q 5 yrs if wnl (with HPV testing)
Age 40+ …

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3
Q

Cancer screening recommendations from American Cancer Society on fecal occult blood testing FOBT

A

shoudl be conducted annually starting at age 50

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4
Q

Cancer screening recommendations from American Cancer Society on sigmoidoscopy/colonoscopy

A 
Starting at age 50
sigmoidoscopy q 5 yrs -OR-
colonoscopy q 10 yrs -OR-
double-contrast barium enema q 5 yrs -OR-
CT colonography q 5 yrs
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5
Q

CDC recommendations for 65 yr old

A

Influenza should be given annually.
All immunocompetent individuals 65 or older should be immunized once with pneumococcal vaccine (one-time revax if vax 5 or more years previously and less than 65 at time).
Adults should receive Td booster vax q 10 yrs.
Herpes zoster vax rec for individuals age 60+.

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6
Q

Fat intake recommendations from AHA

A

Total fat 25-35% of total daily caloric intake

Saturated fats <1% tdci

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7
Q

Where are trans fats found?

A

in products that contain partially hydrogenated fat

as well as in meat and whole-fat dairy products

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8
Q

One strategy for replacing saturated fats with unsaturated fats

A

Replace meats with veg alternatives (eg beans) or fish

Will reduce cholesterol content

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9
Q

Sat fat v cholesterol content in peanut butter

A

low in cholesterol

high in saturate fat

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10
Q

Five stages of Thranstheoretical Model for Change

A 
precontemplation
contemplation
action
maintenance/relapse prevention
relapse
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11
Q

Bupropion

A

antidepressant which is helpful in smoking cessation (likely due to effect on neuroal uptake of dopamine, prolonging action of nt)
Weight gain NOT a s/e
Start bupropion 1-2 wks before quit date so blood levels of med will be satbilized.
Bupropion is C/I in sz disorder and eating disorders

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12
Q

Criteria for dx of IBS

A

Continuous or recurrent sx, for at least 3 months of:
abdominal pain or discomfort relieved with defecation -OR- associated with a change in frequency or consistency of stool
Must also have irregular pattern of defecation at least 25% of time with =3/+ of:
altered stool frequency/form/passage, passage of mucus and bloating, or feeling of abdominal distention
Typical IBS does NOT waken individual nor does it result in significant weight loss
Physical activity generally does not cause an increase in severity of sx.
Regular physical exercise may be beneficial

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13
Q

Appropriate treatment for both diarrhea and constipation IBS

A

increasing dietary fiber, which will result in a bulkier stool.
Bulk forming agents such as psyllium husk fiber and methylcellulose can also be used.

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14
Q

What laxative types are ok occasionally for pt with constipation IBS?

A

stool softeners

osmotic laxatives

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15
Q

What type of laxatives should be avoided as much as possible in someone with constipation-predominant IBS?

A

Avoid stimulant laxatives

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16
Q

26 yr old with abrupt-onset diarrhea that began 24 hours ago; has had approx 6 loose stools without noticeable blood; mild abdominal cramps, neg nausea, neg fever.

A

Acute diarrhea. Usually self-limiting.
Maintain oral hydration rich in electrolytes.
Restart foods slowly as toleated with clear liquids and then carbs.
Resume protein and fats last.
Stool culture may be indicated if sx persist and/or fever/bloody stools.

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17
Q

32 yr old. 3-month hx intermittent burning retrosternal pain that radiates to her back.
Sx noted 30-60 minutes after meal; relieved quickly with antacids. PE and VS wnl.

A

GERD gastroesophageal reflux disease
sx include intermittent nature,
association of relief with antacids

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18
Q

cholecystitis

A

Usually colicky, constant, in RUQ

Deep inspiration usually causes severe pain and splinting of repirations (Murphy’s sign)

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19
Q

If gastric irritation with ingestion of iron supplement on empty stomach (recommended):

A

Ingest with food to reduce irritation.
Try another preparation.
Increase slowly from small dose.

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20
Q

Antacids for gastric irritation while taking iron supplement:

A

inhibit absorption

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21
Q

to increase iron absorption

A

take iron supplement with vit C

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22
Q

test to determine iron stores

A

serum ferritin level (major storage protein)

Is located in serum [ ] directly r/t iron stores

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23
Q

test of choice for distinguising bt carrier and affected state of sickle cell

A

Hgb electrophoresis

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24
Q

test which is very effective at distinguishing types of hemoglobin in a blood sample

A

Hgb electrophoresis

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25
Q

Is Sickledex a screening or diagnostic test

A

screening test for SCA/SCT; must be confirmed with Hgb electrophoresis

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26
Q

When to migraine HA usually begin

A

adolescence or early adulthood, though they can occur in young children

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27
Q

where are migraines usually located?

A

unilaterally

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28
Q

sx of migraine HA

A

throbbing,
can last up to 72 hours
often accompanied by nausea and photophobia

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29
Q

what is indicated for preventive therapy of migraine HA that come 2 or more x/mo?

A

beta-adrenergic blocking agents (propranolol)

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30
Q

meds used for abortive or analgesic therapy of acute migraines

A

codeine-containing products
ergotamine preparations
sumatriptian

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31
Q

carpal tunnel sx

A

dull aching pain across wrist and forearm
with paresthesia, weakness or clumsiness of hand.
Nocturnal pain and radiation of pain up to proximal forearm.
PE may also identify muscle atrophy and dry skin of affected hand

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32
Q

Tinel’s sign

A

elicited by tapping over median nerve at th e palmar surface of wrist

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33
Q

+ Tinel’s sign

A

client has tingling or prickling sensation along first three digits
wrist pain
weak grip
Seen in carpal tunnel syndrome

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34
Q

+Phalen’s sign

A

client experiences numbness and paresthesia in fingers innervated by median nerve after maintaining palmar flexion for 1 minute
Seen in carpal tunnel syndrom

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35
Q

Most common cause of sciatica

A

herniated intravertebral disk

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36
Q

sx of herniated intravertebral disc

A

low back pain

burning that radiates along lateral thigh, leg and foot

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37
Q

PE findings of herniated disc

A

pain below knee with elevation of affected leg with pt in sitting or supine (+straight leg raise).
Pain could also be in buttocks and posterior thigh

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38
Q

exercises helpful in preventing recurrence of lumbosacral back strain

A

abdominal strengthening exercise

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39
Q

relief measures for lumbosacral back strain

A

heat, cold packs, or both.
Limit bedrest to 2-3 days.
Back stretching are of LITTLE VALUE

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40
Q

osteoarthritis

A

degenerative dz of cartilage of joints.

most common form of chronic arthritis (up to 25% adult pop)

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41
Q

common presenting hx of osteoarthritis

A

asymmetrical joint pain and stiffness that improves through day

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42
Q

joints typically involved in osteoarthritis

A

distal and proximal interphalangeal joints, hips, knees and cervical/lumbar spine

43
Q

PE for osteroarthritis

A

crepitus; limited ROM of joints
Joints feel cool with bony enlargement
Constitutional signs like fatigue and malaise NOT CHARACTERISTIC

44
Q

Fibromyalgia

A

unexplained widespread pain or aching, persistent fatigue, generalized morning stiffness, non-refreshing sleep, multiple tender points bilaterally in UE/LE.
NOT CHARACTERISTIC:
changes in ROM, swelling in joints, abnormal neurologic findings

45
Q

Contact Dermatitis

A

pruritus or burning at site of contact of an irritant or allergen.
Lesions vary depending on stage of response. In acute stage, erythema and oozing vesicles common.

46
Q

Fungal infection

A

typically affects scalp, trunk, limbs, face, groin or feet.

Characterized by erythematous scaling plaques

47
Q

Cellulitis

A

characterize by diffuse, sharply defined erythema.

Red streaks run from cellulitis to regional lymph nodes

48
Q

Scabies

A

characterized by minute vesicles and linear runs or burrows often found in digital webs, palms, writs, gluteal folds, buttocks, and toes

49
Q

Pt presents with recent onset of irregular patches of erythema and oozing vesicles on hands, itching and burning of affected area. What is it?

A

uncomplicated contact dermatitis

50
Q

tx for uncomplicated contact dermatitis

A

topical corticosteroid agents are generally effective in tx of mild, umcomplicated contact dermatitis. (more severe epidoses may need systemic corticosteroid therapy)

51
Q

Lyme dz PE

A

erythema migrans is annular and erythmatous with central pallor at site of tick bite. Lesion starts about 5cm and quickly grows to ~20 cm.
Typically appears within 1 wk-1 month after tick bite.
Nonpruritic

52
Q

s/s of lyme dz

A

constitutional sx such as fatigue, myalgias, arthralgia, HA and fever during localized phase that extend to sx of involvement of other organ systems if not tx early

53
Q

squamous cell carcinoma

A

ulcerated nodule with translucent surface and firm raised borders on the face
Second most common skin cancer. Squamous cells compose most of skin’s upper layers (epidermis).
SCCs often look like scaly red patches, open sores, elevated growths with central depression or warts; may crust or bleed.
SCC mainly caused by cumulative UV exposure.
Lesion starts as a firm nodule or papule with thick scale that becomes eroded, crusted and ulcerated with raised pearly borders.

54
Q

basal cell carcinoma

A

usually appears on head, neck or hands as a small nodule that left untreated begins to bleed and crust over.

55
Q

Characteristics of malignant melanoma

A 
A -asymmetry
B-border ireegularity or notching
C-color variation
D - diamater >6mm
Seen in all ages
56
Q

temporal arteritis

A

sharp, throbbing or aching pain localized to the temporal area.
Other symptoms may include scalp tenderness, jaw pain with chewing, anorexia, weight loss, fatigue.
Individual my have known hx of polymyalgia rheumatica.
Unilateral blindness may occur if untreated. Age of onset usually older than age 50.
Erythrocyte sedimentation rate will be >50 mm/hr.

57
Q

PE findings of temporal arteritis

A

fever, tenderness over a nodular temporal artery, decreased pulsation of the artery, diminished or absent pulses in upper extremities.

58
Q

sx of viral conjunctivitis

A

gradual onset of unilateral (may become bilat) scratchy sensation in the eye. No eye pain, vision changes or photophobia.

59
Q

PE of viral conjunctivitis

A

peripheral injection and a watery discharge.

60
Q

Allergic conjumctivitis

A

bilateral, both eyes are itchy.

Peripheral injection and mucoid discharge.

61
Q

Corneal abrasion

A

typically pain and photophobia

62
Q

subconjunctival hemorrhage

A

painless, no discharge

There is a splash of blood in conjunctiva and sclera.

63
Q

Substance dependence definition

A

maladaptive pattern of substance use, in the presence of at least 3 of 7 elements, occurring at any time in the same 12-month period. One element is a persistent desire to use the substance and/or unsuccessful efforts to cut down use.
May experience tolerance (need more amt over time to achieve same effect) or withdrawal (substance-specific syndrome when substance stopped/decreased)

64
Q

substance abuse

A

Fail to fulfill major role obligations
Use substances in situations that are physically hazardous
Experience substance-related legal problems
Continue to use substances despite having persistent or recurrent social or interpersonal problems caused or worsened by the effects of the substance

65
Q

acanthosis nigricans

A

velvety hyperpigmented patch found on back of neck, elbows, knuckles, knees, groin and axillary areas in obese women with mod-severe insulin resistance.
Can also be seen in older adults with malignancies of GI tract and other adenocarcinomas

66
Q

Interstitial cystitis

A

aka painful bladder syndrome: pelvic pain, pressure or discomfort, typically associated with persistent urge to void or urinary freqency, in the absence of infection or other pathology.
Nocturia common.
Incontinence uncommon.
Dyspareunia frequently seen in women with IC.

67
Q

s/s of anorexia nervosa

A

Depression is comon.
Intense fear of loss of control.
Amenorrhea is a dx criteria.

68
Q

s/s of bulimia nervosa

A

Depression in about 50%.
Alcohol/drug abuse and lack of control
May lead to menstrual irregularities but usually not amenorrhea

69
Q

Dx criteria for Major Depressive Episode

A

Five of the following during the same 2-wk period, represent a change from previous functioning, and include 1 of first 2.

  1. depressed mood most of day by self-report or by others
  2. loss of interest in most activities, most of day, nearly every day
  3. significant weight change without trying, or daily change in appetite
  4. insomnia/hypersomnia ~daily
  5. psychomotor agitation or retardation per report of others
  6. fatigue or loss of energy
  7. feelings of worthlessness or excessive guilt
  8. diminished ability to think or [ ], or indecisiveness
  9. recurrent thoughts of death, suicidal ideation with or without plan
70
Q

First line tx for major depression

A

SSRIs and heterocyclic antidepressants

71
Q

SSRIs

A

eg, paroxetine

usually have an ENERGIZING effect and may lead to insomnia if taken at night, or even if taken during day

72
Q

Heterocyclic antidepressant

A

eg, Trazadone

sedative effect; most benefical to take it at night

73
Q

ADA recommendations to reduce risk of CVD in people with DM

A

HbA1c < 7% of total

74
Q

Weber test

A

tuning fork on top of head, equally between ears
Defective ear hears it loudest - signifies conductive hearing loss
because room noise will not be heard as well; detection of vibration in the impaired ear improves

75
Q

causes of conductive hearing loss

A

cerumen impaction, foreign bocy in ear, otitis media, perforated eardrum

76
Q

Cranial Nerve V Trigeminal

A

has both motor and sensory functions.
Motor fxn tested by palpating temporal and masseter muscles while having pt clench teeth.
Sensory fxn tested by evaluating pain and light touch sensation along the forehead, cheeks and jaw.

77
Q

inflammation of the pericardial sac with pericarditis produces what sound?

A

friction rub: a high-pitched scratchy sound with 2-3 short components associated with cardiac movement

78
Q

sx of pulmonary embolism

A

sudden onset of SOB, localized pleuritic (sharp with breathing) chest pain, apprehension, bloody sputum production, diaphoresis, fever, hx of conditions causing risk for embolism.
Prolonged immobilization as may occur with long periods of air travel poses a risk

79
Q

PE finidings for pulmonary embolism

A

restlessness, fever, tachycardia, tachypnea, diminished breath sounds, crackles, wheezing, and pleural friction rub

80
Q

s/s of mitral valve prolapse

A

sharp, nonexertional chest pain of short duration.
May be accompanied by palpitations and diaphoresis; anxiety and/or panic attacks.
Often asymptomatic.

81
Q

Diagnostic hallmark of mitral valve prolapse

A

midsystolic click, a late systolic murmur, and an abnormally thickened, redundant mitral valve seen on echocardiogram

82
Q

Primary hypothyroidism

A

elevated TSH, suppressed FT4

periobital edema, among other things

83
Q

female pubescent growth

A

beginning of accelerated growth is usually first sign of female puberty, but breast budding is first recognized pubertal change, followed by appearance of pubic and axillary hair.
Peak growth occurs about 1 yr before menarchei

84
Q

viral pharyngitis s/s

A

malaise, fever, HA, cough, congestion and fatigue along with sore throat.
PE include pharyngeal erythema, no/small amt exudate, neg lymphadenopathy

85
Q

bacterial pharyngitis

A

sudden onset of severe sore throat and fever.
Usually no cough, no congestion.
PE includes fever of 101.5 or higher, pharyngeal erythema and exudate, and anterior cervical lymphadenopathy

86
Q

Objective information is obtained during

A

PE or lab or dx test

87
Q

Subjective information includes

A

all aspects of the health hx from chief complaint through review of systems

88
Q

Problem list is ob/sub jective?

A

may be combination of both

89
Q

s/s of hyperthyroidism

A

nervousness, increased perspiration, weight loss despite an increased appetite, frequent bowel movements.
exam findings include incr patellar reflexes, HR high side of normal, moderately enlarged, soft, nontender thyroid gland

90
Q

Grave’s dz

A

comprises 70% of hyperthyroid cases and is seen most commonly in women 20-40 yr old.

91
Q

Subacute thyroiditis

A

a postviral illness that may cause transient hyperthyroidism. Thyroid is usually tender.

92
Q

Lipid screening

A

recommended q 5 yrs for all adults over 20 yr.
If screening is nonfasting total cholesterol and HDL, a follow-up fasting lipid profile should be done in the following situations:
total cholesterol 200 or more
HDL less than 40
test results borderline in individual with 2 or more CVD risk factors

93
Q

CVD risk factors

A 
female 55 yrs and older
premature menopause
male 45 yrs and older
family hx of premature CVD
smoking
hypertension
HDL <40
94
Q

CVD risk equivalents

A 
diabetes
stroke
known cerebrovascular dz
peripheral vascular dz
abdominal aortic aneurysm
95
Q

Bacterial pneumonia

A

pleuritic chest pain, cough productive of yellow sputum, elevated temp, elevated respirations, HR high nl, somewhat dehydrated

96
Q

PE bacterial pneumonia

A

findings of consolidation assoc with pneumonia would include increased vocal fremitus, presence of bronchophony, dullness to percussion over affected lung areas

97
Q

American Cancer Society guidelines for colon cancer screening

A

start at age 50
single-specimen FOBT not rec option (5% sensitivity). six-sample home FOBT 24% sensitive.
Vit C may cause false-negative results.
Pos results on FOBT shoudl be followed up with colonoscopy

98
Q

CDC criteria for considering 5-10 mm induration a +tuberculin skin test

A

HIV infection, recent close contact with a person with active TB infection, fibrotic lesions or evidence of old, healed TB on chest radiograph, or immunosuppression

99
Q

ANA + in?

A 
autoimmune dz such as
RA
SLE
scleroderma
Sjorgren's syndrome
100
Q

SLE management

A

Local and systemic corticosteroids are used in tx.
Avoid strong sunlight and use sunscreen and protective clothing to avoid extensive exposure that can exacerbate lupus skin rash and active dz.
Women with SLE who have unknown or +antiphospholipid antibodies should not use ESTROGEN-containing contraception. Progestin-only contraception, non-hormonal IUDs, and barrier methods may be acceptable.
Autoimmune antibody testing is used in dx of SLE.

101
Q

HIV testing

A

both enzyme immunoassay (EIA) and rapid HIV are considered highly sensitive as initial screening tests for HIV. Must be confiremed by Western blot or immunofluorescense assay.

102
Q

Hepatitis B surface antibody (HBsAB)

A

appears approx 4-5 months after infection; is an indicator of immunity. Also detectable in individuals who have passive immunity secondary to hep B vaccination

103
Q

Chronic fatigue syndrome

A

For 6 months or more:
fatigue that interferes with physical, mental, social and educational activities PLUS
4 of the following eight things:
sore throat
short-term memory or concentration impairment
tender cervical or axillary lymph nodes
headaches of a new type/pattern/severity
unrefreshing sleep
postexertional malaise lasting more than 24 hours
multijoint pain without swelling or inflammation
muscle pain

104
Q

Evidence-based tx for Chronic Fatigue Syndrome

A

A supervised, graded aerobic exercise program results in improvements in fatigue and physical functioning.
Cognitive behavioral therapy is beneficial.
There is insufficient evidence to support benefits of antidepressants, corticosteroids, or multivitamins.

CNM (15 decks)

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