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Clin Med II > CML Anemia > Flashcards

CML Anemia Flashcards

1
Q

Osteoporosis is a _____ in bone mass

A

reduction

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2
Q

Osteoporosis causes a disruption in skeletal ______

A

microarchitecture

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3
Q

Fragility of the skeleton in osteoporosis, leads to _______ bone strength & ______ fracture risk

A

Decreased bone strength & increased fracture risk

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4
Q

Men/women are more likely to develop osteoporosis

A

women are much more likely to develop osteoporosis

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5
Q

What is responsible for postmenopausal osteoporosis?

A

estrogen deficiency and age

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6
Q

Bone tissue is lost _____

A

progressively

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7
Q

What is the lifetime osteoporotic fracture risk for a woman who reaches age 50?

A

50%

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8
Q

What is the lifetime osteoporotic fracture risk for a man who reaches age 50?

A

20%

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9
Q

What medications cause secondary osteoporosis?

A

steroids, antiepileptics

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10
Q

What vitamin deficiency can cause secondary osteoporosis?

A

Vitamin D deficiency

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11
Q

What are some causes of secondary osteoporosis?

A

certain medications
Vitamin D deficiency
alcohol

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12
Q

Woman over ___ and men over ___ are at risk for developing osteoporosis

A

woman over 65 and men over 70

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13
Q

What ethnicities are at increased risk for developing osteoporosis?

A

White and Asian

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14
Q

What are some risk factors for developing osteoporosis?

A 
Low body weight (<127 lbs or BMI <20)
FH of osteoporosis/ fragility fracture
Personal history of fragility fracture
Long-term glucocorticoid use
>2-3 drinks alcohol/day
Estrogen deficiency <45 years
Testosterone deficiency
Low calcium intake
Vit D deficiency
Sedentary lifestyle
Current tobacco use
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15
Q

What is the FRAX algorithm?

A

Fracture risk assessment tool

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16
Q

What does the FRAX algorithm calculate?

A

Calculates a patient’s 10 year probability for a fracture

17
Q

Who is the FRAX algorithm used for?

A

For postmenopausal women and men age 40-90

18
Q

The FRAX algorithm is only validated for _____

A

untreated patients

19
Q

What test is the gold standard for bone density?

A

Bone Densitometry (DXA)

20
Q

What parts of the body are evaluated in a Bone Densitometry (DXA) Scan?

A

Lumbar spine & hip

21
Q

Who should get a DXA Scan?

A

Women ≥65 years old,
men ≥70 years old
Younger but at risk for osteoporosis or osteomalacia
Pathologic fractures
Radiographic evidence for diminished bone density

22
Q

What determines the interval at which patients should get a DXA Scan?

A

Interval between scans based on score (T score)

23
Q

How often does a patient need a DXA Scan with a T score -1.0 to -1.5?

A

every 5 years

24
Q

How often does a patient need a DXA Scan with a T score -1.5 to -2.0?

A

every 3-5 years

25
Q

How often does a patient need a DXA Scan with a T score

A

every 1-2 years

26
Q

What populations is a Z score utilized in?

A

premenopausal women, younger men, & kids

27
Q

How does the Z score express bone density?

A

Expresses bone density as a standard deviation from age-matched, race-matched, and sex-matched means

28
Q

What T score indicates a normal bone density result?

A

BMD is within 1 standard deviation (SD) of a young normal adult (T score is greater than −1.0)

29
Q

What is osteopenia?

A

low bone density

30
Q

What T score indicates osteopenia?

A

BMD is between 1 and 2.5 SD below a young normal adult (T score is −1 to −2.5)

31
Q

What T score indicates osteoporosis?

A

BMD is 2.5 SD or more below a young normal adult (T score is less than −2.5)

32
Q

What T score indicates severe/established osteoporosis?

A

BMD is 2.5 SD or more below a young adult with 1 or more fragility fractures

33
Q

What is often the first clinical manifestation of osteoporosis?

A

fracture, patents are often asymptomatic or have silent symptoms until fracture

34
Q

What are the SXS of a vertebral fracture?

A

Height loss or kyphosis
Acute episodes may be associated with pain
Often no preceding trauma or minor trauma (ie: speed bump)
Acute back pain with sudden lifting, coughing, bending
Usually pain localized to midline spine, variable quality
May refer into flank, anterior abdomen, posterior superior iliac spine, radiation into legs rare
May have pain on palpation/percussion of affected vertebrae

35
Q

What do radiographs in osteoporosis show?

A

Radiolucency
Cortical thinning
Occult fractures

36
Q

Bone loss has to be >____to be detected on radiographs

A

> 30%

37
Q

What lifestyle modifications should be made in a patient diagnosed with osteoporosis?

A 
Smoking cessation
Limit alcohol intake
Regular weightbearing and muscle-strengthening exercise
Consume at least 1200 mg of calcium/day
Adequate calorie intake
Take measures in the home to avoid falls
Wearing a brace
38
Q

What are the recommendations for weight-bearing activities in someone who has osteoporosis?

A

At least 30 mins, 3x/week

Clin Med II (7 decks)

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