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PSY1201 > Club Drugs > Flashcards

Club Drugs Flashcards

1
Q

d-Methamphetamine

A 
Large crystals of pure D-isomer are often smoked, much like CRACK
snorted and IV use to
Long duration of action
Similar "runs" then crash
New "high-tech" drug
Longer acting than CRACK
Effective weight reduction
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2
Q

Psychiatric Complications d-Meth

A 
Acute anxiety
Acute paranoid psychosis
Chronic schizophreniform psychosis
Possible induction of panic attacks
not due to latent psychosis
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3
Q

MDMA vs Molly

A

Molly more a pure form than MDMA
devoid of adulterants and is claimed to be safer and non-addictive
Molly is the powder form so it can be snorted
MDMA is typically sold as a pressed pill and is swallowed

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4
Q

MDMA Effects

A

Induced altered state of conciousness
Patients receptive to psychotherapy
Facilitates communication skills and heightens empathy– spiritual pursuit
Adjunct to insight oriented psychotherapy
No memory deficits
Neuropsychological test performance is impaired with chronic use

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5
Q

MDMA Abuse Liability

A

MDMA is self administered by rhesus monkeys and baboons
MDMA shared discriminative stimulus effects with amphetamine
MDMA is reinforcing in human volunteers

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6
Q

MDMA USE Profile

A

Oral dose of 100-200 mg
Smoked, snorted, or injected
Stacking or piggybacking- taking 3 or more tablets at a time
Used at parties often with other drugs

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7
Q

MDMA mechanism of action

A

Binds to 5-HT transporters in plasma membrane and secretory vesicle
Enter the vesicle and causes massive release of serotonin
Extra serotonin binds to receptors
Half life of 8-9 hours
Next day “pleasant”effects due to its MDA metabolite that exerts LSD like effects

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8
Q

Effects of MDMA on serotonin

A

Once effects wane, users tempted to take another dose, but serotonin levels are low
Serotonin dip that may last days to weeks- depressed mood
Prolonged use will cause a depletion in serotonin
Continued use will also cause a down regulation of serotonin receptors
Likely cause of depression in MDMA users

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9
Q

MDMA and other drugs

A

Some obtain Prozac to deal with depression
others get ritalin to increase concentration
Mix of drugs is dangerous
Tolerance develops to its effects with prolonged use

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10
Q

Toxicity- MDMA

A 
Psychiatric Toxicity
Induction of panic disorder
Long-lasting neuropsychiatric syndromes
Psychosis, visual illusions and hallucinations
Flashbacks
Neurotoxicity
Cerebral infarcts
Subarachnoid hemorrhage
Hyponatremia with stupor
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11
Q

General Toxicity MDMA

A

Sympathomimetic reactions
hyperreflexia, hyperthermia and rhabdomyolysis
Kidney failure, seizures, coma and death
Hyperthermia secondary to neurotransmitter depletion
Fatal or near fatal reactions

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12
Q

Mechanism of Toxicity MDMA

A

Mechanism unclear– first thought to be hypersensitivity reaction
Recognized as due to overdose
MDMA is metabolized to MDA, more potent neurotoxin

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13
Q

Neuronal Damage MDMA

A

Can damage neurons that make serotonin
Damage is long lasting (6 years)
Neuronal damage persists long after effets have worn off
Nerve fibers regrow in some brain areas, but make abnormal connection, and some do not regrow

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14
Q

Rohypnol

A

Roofies
Sedation, amnesia, muscle relaxation, slowed relexes
Often used in combination with ethanol, marihuana or cocaine to produce a very rapid and dramatic high
Used as a parachute with heroine and cocaine users when coming off the high
Inexpensive on the street, sold in bubble packets

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15
Q

Gamma hydroxybutyrate

A

GHB does not act directly on GABA receptors
May inhibit release of dopamine, resulting in stored levels that are released later
Stimulates GH release and PRL rises

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16
Q

PCP

A

Made in 1950s as anesthetic
Analgesia, muscle relaxation, no cardiovascular or respiratory depression, no amnesia after surgery
During recovery, many patients have emergent nightmares that last 4-5 days
PCP joints called sherms
Lab animals self administer PCP
NMDA receptor antagonist

17
Q

Ketamine

A

Analogue to PCP
Currently used in veterinary medicine
Applied as a powder to marihuana or tobacco cigarettes and smoked
Powder form is snorted like cocaine
IV has rapid onset
High doses can result in delirium, amnesia, impaired motor function, and sometimes fatal respiratory effects

18
Q

PCP and Ketamine Mechanism of Action

A

Antagonists at the NMDA receptor which binds glutamate and glycine to allow neural transmission to occur
Other drugs act in a similar manner to produce dissociative, hallucinogenic euphoria include dextromethorphan, methoxetamine and nitrous oxide

19
Q

Psychotomimetic

A

Agent that produces effects that resemble psychosis

20
Q

LSD Effects

A

Restlessness, dizziness, drunk
Stream of plastic and vivid images accompanied by intense splay of colors
altered sense of time
reduced sensory input
Synesthesia, mixing of senses
Higher doses: marked distortion of vision, unable to move and transformed senses

21
Q

LSD

A

4000 times more potent than mescaline
Used to model psychosis to improve treatment
Felt one could access the subconscious mind through dreamlike quality of the experience

22
Q

LSD uses

A

Adjunct to psychotherapy
Treatment for alcoholics
Help terminal cancer patients understand their mortality
LSD illegal

23
Q

LSD Pharmacology

A

Similar structure with serotonin suggests that it acts as an agonist at 5-HT receptors
Serotonergic antagonist do not block all of LSD effects and can act as an agonist or antagonist on different serotonergic systems
High correlation between binding potency in rat brain and potency to produce hallucinations in humans

24
Q

LSD Patterns of USe

A

Formulated as a powder, capsule, pill, or solution
Use is infrequent, tied to specific events along with friends
Recent increased use due to lower unit dose and fewer adverse effects

25
Q

LSD Adverse Reactions

A

Difficult to determine dose
Panic reactions
Flashbacks can occur months later
Brief recurrence of either psychotic or nonpsychotic effects
Mostly before sleep or under stress or after marihuana or barbiturates

26
Q

Prolonged Psychotic Reaction LSD

A

Prolonged psychotic reactions (Up to 3 weeks)
Schizophrenic- like is most common, but catatonic depression paranoia and manic psychosis is all noted
Reports after a single dose have appeared
Originally though it happened with people with underlying psychiatric conditions- can occur in people with no psychiatric disorders

27
Q

Psilocybin

A

Dried mushroom contain 0.2-5%
Effects similar to LSD
Metabolized to psilocin, 1.5 times more potent
Amateur production
Taken with ethanol, effects difficult to percieve

28
Q

Psilocybin Use

A

Treating tobacco dependence

29
Q

Mescaline

A

Found in cactus
Buttons softened in saliva and softened
Active item is mescaline, one of 30 different psychoactive chemicals
Need 20 mescal buttons to achieve average dose

30
Q

Mescaline Pharmacology

A

Binds and activates 5-HT receptors
Absorbed orally but does not easily pass the blood brain barrier, high doses needed for psychoactive effects
Doses of 200-250 result in pleasurable experiences while 350-450 mg produce frank hallucinations
Blocked by 5-HT antagonists
Cross tolerant with LSD

31
Q

Mescaline Effects

A

Mydriasis, hyperthermia, anxiety hallucinations and altered body image
Body parts may disappear
High doses induce bradycardia, reduced respiratory rate, smooth muscle contractions, in coordination, loss of time perception
Effects persist for 10-12 hours

32
Q

Salvia Divinorum

A

Mexican herbal sage that produces type of divine innebriation
Effects are not like any other drug- best used by those wanting deep meditation
Salvinorum A- kappa opioid agonist and D2 receptor partial agonist with mild hallucinogenic properties
Used in more quiet settings for introspective contemplation and meditation

33
Q

Salvia Divinorum Pharmacology

A

Buccal absorption via either chewing leaves or tincture takes longer to appear
Most rapid onset via smoking, but need high temperature to release it
Fortified leaf is preferred
High LD50 so relatively safe
Smoking produces effects nearly immediately, peak within 5-10 min

34
Q

Therapeutic Potential Salvia Divinorum

A

Modulator of opiate receptors that regulate dopamine levels- stimulant abuse
Psychotherapy- not likely to be approved

PSY1201 (22 decks)

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