CLS Flashcards
1
Q
Rh
A
Several antigens under the ABO grouping classification
Common is the D antigen
Can be totally negative, positive, or weak but then considered positive
2
Q
How are the two counting chambers in a hemacytometer divided?
A
Each counting area is divided into 9 squares, the corners are divided into 16 squares usually used to count WBCs, and the central square is divided into 625 squares, with the 4 red and 1 center squares being used for RBC count. Platelet count is done in the circle.
3
Q
Solute
A
The substance DISSOLVED in a solution Measures acidity
4
Q
oliguria
A
decreased urine production
5
Q
Aerolsol
A
Liquid in the form of a very fine mist
6
Q
Immunofluorescence techniques
A
Uses antibodies labeled with dye to microscopically quantify antigen concentration.
7
Q
erythrocyte
A
RBC
red blood cell
8
Q
Studying is a privilege :3
A
<3
9
Q
Parenteral
A
Occurring somewhere other than the mouth and alimentary track
Par = beyond
Enteral = intestines
10
Q
How did labs begin to change after 1950?
A
As more efficient lab technology arose, it was possible for testing methods to be more complex. And the introduction of computers allowed increased complexity of analyses.
11
Q
Are there requirements for blood donors?
A
Yes, blood donations are strictly regulated to remove unsafe blood from the supply. This includes eligibility requirements, blood testing, identification, medical history, habits and behavior checking, etc.
12
Q
thrombocyte
A
a blood platelet
13
Q
How is donor blood processed?
A
It is tested for ABO group and Rh type before being screened for hepatitis b/c, HIV, West Nile and human t-lymphotropic virus. If it contains 0 diseases, it is added to the blood supply.
14
Q
Agglutination inhibition test
A
Presence of agglutination is considered a negative result
15
Q
Electrolyte concentrations inside and outside the cell
A
Potassium = higher inside
Most others = lower inside
16
Q
Immunology
A
The branch of medicine encompassing the study of the immune system
17
Q
OSHA
A
Occupational Safety and Health Administration
Part of the Department of Labor
18
Q
venule
A
a small vein connecting a capillary to a vein
19
Q
hemopoiesis
A
the process of blood cell formation and development
20
Q
EHR (electronic health record)
A
Records of a patient’s health across multiple providers
+ Reduces errors and makes important information accessible
- Could potentially reveal confidential information
21
Q
What happens after vessel damage?
A
Vessel contracts
Platelet plug forms
Stable fibrin clot forms (coagulation)
Clot dissolves after healing (fibrinolysis)
22
Q
leukocyte
A
WBC
White blood cell
23
Q
Fahrenheit to Celcius
A
C = 5/9 x (F - 32)
24
Q
Physiological saline
A
0.85% (0.15 M) sodium chloride solution
25
Are ABO types codominant?
Yes, the A and B alleles are codominant, meaning that those who inherit both A and B will be AB and those who inherit O alleles will have no A or B antigens and have blood type O.
26
Hematocrit of hemoglobin = 12 g/dL
36% or 0.36 L/L
27
How is blood collected for blood donations?
Blood is collected via venipuncture, with about 450 ml being collected in a bag containing nutrients and anti-coagulant. The blood collected material must be sterile to stop disease transmission. The blood is replenished within the body in 24 hours and the RBCs in a few weeks.
28
Clinical or medical laboratory
A laboratory that performs tests on blood or other bodily fluids
29
Artery
Blood vessel carrying blood from the heart to the tissues
30
Pathogenic
Capable of causing damage to the host
31
hematology
the study of blood and the blood-forming tissues
32
How does blood type affect the different antibodies?
Blood antibodies will compliment the antigens in the blood. A-type blood will have anti-A antigen antibodies, and vice versa for B.
33
Bowman's capsule
cup-shaped structure of the nephron of a kidney which encloses the glomerulus and which filtration takes place.
34
Average lifespan of platelets
7 to 10 days
35
How do you calculate normality?
N = gram equivalents/ L solution
36
stem cell
Cell with potential to create more cells
37
Department Head/General Supervisor
One per section of laboratory
Oversees specific skills
38
How much urine do healthy adults excrete per day?
about 2 liters
39
Five certificates under CLIA ‘88
Certificate of Waiver - only waived tests
Certificate of Registration - tests of moderate + high complexity, waiting for C. Of Compliance
Certificate of Compliance - lab has passed inspection and may preform tests
Certificate of Accreditation - lab has been accredited by a CMS-approved organization
Certificate of PPMP - lower-level scientists may preform selected microscopy procedures needed quickly
40
Autoclaving
Steam sterilization
41
Antibody
protein that reacts with a foreign substance
immunoglobin
42
Epidemiology
The study of the factors that cause disease
43
Reagent
Substance used in a chemical reaction
44
What does 95 mean on N95 respirators?
Removes at least 95% of particulates of a certain size
45
Plasma
The liquid portion of the blood; straw colored liquid when blood cells are removed
46
Ethylenediaminetetraacetic acid (EDTA) /
an anticoagulant commonly used in hematology
47
Engineering controls
Devices used to protect the workers from hazards
48
Regional reference lab
Specialized lab that preforms uncommon tests for other clinics
49
How is donor blood stored?
In temperature controlled units called blood bank refrigerators. This temperature needs to be regulated because an alarm will sound if it goes out the the range.
50
Hypo-
low, absent
51
Radioisotope
Aka radioactive isotope
52
Flint glass
Inexpensive glass with low resistance to heat and chemicals
53
54
EDTA / ethylenediaminetetraacetic acid
an anticoagulant commonly used in hematology
55
hemorrhage
uncontrolled bleeding
56
Enzyme Immunoassay (EIA)
a serological test that uses an enzyme-labeled antibody to create reactions. Tests involve a sample moves along an absorbent string to come into contact with reagents such as specific antibodies. And after this contact, lines appear to show a + or - result.
57
How did isloation procedures evolve during the late 1900s?
Glove wearing, hand washing, disinfection, and not re-capping needles were adopted to limit the spread of diesease in hospitals. The CDC outlined isolation techniques in 1970, adapted in 1975 to increase specificty, and released guidlines for isolaing communicable dieseases in 1985.
58
Brown urine
Melanin - patients may have tumors
59
leukemia
a chronic or acute disease involving unrestrained increase in leukocytes
60
Work practice controls
Habits (common sense) to avoid exposure to hazards
61
Reference laboratory
Independent regional laboratory that offers services to hospitals
62
Quartz glass
Expensive glass with excellent light transmission
63
Medical Laboratory Scientist vs Technician
Medical Lab scientist - bachelors degree, can work in all ares of CLS
Medical Lab Technician - associate’s degree
64
where is urine formed?
the kidney
65
Capillaries
Transistion areas between viens/arteries; connect venules and arterios (Smallest viens/arteries). They have thin walls to allow diffusion of fluids,nutrients,waste.)
66
B cell
type of lymphocyte responsible for immune response
67
Teratogen
A substance capable of causing birth defects
68
How have laboratory focuses shifted in the present day?
Laboratory focus has shifted to preventative medicine, with research focused on solutions that limit the need for long hospital stays
69
How do you do erythrocyte sedimentation?
Place the blood sample in a thing tube. The distance the RBCs fell from the top is measured, as is the rate.
70
ABO grouping
A and B antigens
A - A
B - B
AB - Both
O - Neither
71
Polyethylene and polystyrene
Inexpensive plastics that cannot be sterilized with heat
72
white blood cell (WBC)
blood cell that functions in immunity
73
Are platelets cells?
No, they have no nucleus
They do have mitochondria
74
Assay
procedure to determine the presence of a target substance
75
How do you prepare a molar solution?
The amount of solute in grams (Equal to one mol) must be dissolved in 1 L of solvent.
76
If an antiserum type A is applied and agglutination is observed
They have type A (or AB)
77
Physician office laboratory (POL)
A small medical laboratory located within a physician office, group practice, or clinic
78
Three types of hazards
Physical
Chemical
Biological
Based on the item that poses a threat
79
megakaryocyte
a large bone marrow cell from which platelets are derived
80
infectious mononucleosis (Mono or IM)
Contagious viral disease by Epstein-Barr virus, has an incubation period of 4-6 weeks and causes fatigue, fever, enlargement of liver/spleen, sore throat and swollen lymph nodes.
81
Carcinogen
A substance with the potential to produce cancer
82
COLA
Accredits hospital laboratories, POLs, and other small labs
83
How do you preserve a blood smear?
Immerse it in methanol for 30-60 secs. The methanol is a fixative that prevents the cell's components from deteriorating.
84
Capillary puncture vs venipuncture
Capillary is much smaller scale than venipuncture
85
Standard Operating Procedure (SOP) manual
Established procedure (by Tech. Supervisor/lab manager)
86
EMR (electronic medical record)
Record of patient’s treatment solely in the hospital
Ends when they are discharged
Have been used for years
If a separate physician wants to view an EMR, it must be printed and delivered
87
Ethics
A system of rules and conduct
88
plasma
the liquid portion of blood in which the blood cells are suspended
the straw-colored liquid remaining
89
Standard precautions
All patients and bodily fluids are treated as if they are infected
90
polyuria
increased urine production
91
How is blood transported through the circulatory system?
-Arteries (Strong, elastic vessels that carry blood from the heart.0
92
Pathology
Study of disease
93
You’ve got this :3
I’m proud of you :3
94
Apheresis donation
A different type of blood donation where a specific component of the blood is separated and the rest is returned to the patients body. (Used for when only a certain part is needed.
95
ABO slide grouping
They involve the detection of A/B antigens in the sample. It is preformed on a microscope slide with a drop of anti-A on one half and anti-B on the other. A drop of blood is mixed with each of the serums and agglutination means that the antigens the antibodies in the serum are 'anti' towards are present.
96
Immunohematology
The study of the human blood groups, often called blood banking
97
Capillary tube
Slender tube that used capillary action to obtain blood
98
Borosilicate glass
Nonreactive glass with high thermal resistance
Ex: Pyrex and Kimax
99
hemopoietic stem cell /
an undifferentiated bone marrow cell that gives rise to blood cells
100
How is pregnancy detected?
HCG is produced by the placenta and is detectable within 1 week of the embryo implanting in the uterine lining. This is why HCG testing of the urine or blood can be used to detect pregnancy.
101
cortex
outer layer of an organ
102
Buffy coat
Light colored layer of white blood cells that form on top of red blood cells if sample is centrifuged
103
Typical departments in a clinical lab (10)
Clinical chem
Hematology
Microbiology
Blood bank
Phlebotomy
Specimen processing
Urinalysis
Coagulation
Immunology
Parasitology
104
How much do you dilute RBC, WBC, and platelets for hemacytometer counts?
RBC : 1:200 WBC and Platelets : 1:100 or 1:20
105
platelet /
a formed element in circulating blood that plays an important role in blood coagulation
106
T cell
lymphocyte responsible for cell-mediated immunity
107
Immunochromatographic assay
IN SHORT REACTANTS AND REAGENTS ARE COATED AND IMMOBOLIZED IN THE MEMBRANE OF TEST UNITS.
108
Anemia
Red blood cell count or hemoglobin level is low
Low oxygen carrying
109
Best procedure for catching urine?
Midstream
Except for 24-hour
110
Latex, Nitrile, or Vinyl gloves when working with chemicals?
Nitrile or Vinyl -> they are nonreactive, non allergenic, and resistant to most chemicals
String chemicals can penetrate latex gloves
111
Phlebotomy
A procedure where blood is taken from a vein
112
Technical Supervisor/Laboratory Manager
Second highest
Ensures quality and trainings
Day to day operations
Must be educated in CLS and have experience in management
113
How do you gram equivalents?
gram molecular weight (how many grams in a mol) / valence
114
How are coats/gowns used?
-Usually worn while in lab or with patients, fluid resistant coats/gowns are used to protect from spills, stains and contaminants.
115
How do you test for rheumatoid arthritis?
Latex agglutination tests are commonly used. This means that there will be latex beads coated in the antibodies it attacks, so when the specimen (Plasma, blood or serum) comes into contact, rheumatoid factors will bind to the bead and clump together. (Clumping patterns mean positive, none means negative.)
116
antigen
foreign substance that induces an immune response
117
inhibitor
substance that slows or stops a chemical reaction
118
Anticoagulant
A chemical or substance that prevents blood coagulation
119
Chemical methods of hemoglobin count
Hemoglobin concentration can also be found chemically, like when blood is reacted with Drabkin's solution which reacts with hemoglobin to change the solutions colour when it forms cyanmethemoglobin so it can be photometrically analysed to find out hemoglobin concentration.
120
dendritic cells
cells in lymphoid tissue that trap antibodies
121
yellow-brown or green-brown
Disease of the liver
122
hemostasis
the process of stopping bleeding, which includes clot formation and clot dissolution
123
Accreditation
A voluntary process in which an organization grants recognition to institutions that meet or exceed standards
124
Hematology
The study of blood and blood-related tissue
125
oxyhemoglobin
the form of hemoglobin that binds and transports oxygen
126
Accessioning
The process of logging and labeling specimens
The use of barcodes, rather than patient names, helps ensure privacy
127
Tare
The “clear” button on a scale
ALSO
Finding the weight of a substance by subtracting the weight of the container from the combined weight
128
Aggregation
collecting of separate objects into one mass
129
How do we test hemoglobin counts?
Specific gravity technique, this is only an approximation, with a CuSO4 solution with a gravity of 2.053 which is about the same as low-hemoglobin blood. If floats, hemoglobin low, is fall through, the count is healthy.
130
hemostasis
the process of stopping bleeding
131
Fire safety
Use warmers, hot plates, and microwaves instead of open flame when possible
Fire extinguishers and routes
Flammable chemicals kept away
132
Bacteriology
The study of bacteria
133
Coagulation
Also known as clotting, a process where blood thickens into a gel
134
Health Insurance Portability and Accountability Act (HIPAA)
1996 established by congress due to decreased privacy from emerging electronic records
Guarantees rights to privacy
Patients must sign waivers that information can be disclosed in the event of an emergency
135
analyte
chemical that is the substance of analysis
136
red blood cell (RBC)
blood cell that transports oxygen (O2) to tissues and carbon dioxide (CO,) to the lungs
137
erythrocyte
Red blood cell
138
Polypropylene
Plastic with a milky white appearance
Heat resistant and can be sterilized
139
Caustic
A chemical with the ability to burn or destroy tissue
140
hemoglobin (Hb, Hgb) /
the major functional component of red blood cells that is the oxygen-carrying molecule
141
Keep going!!! :3
Tmr you’ll be glad your started today :3
142
Electrophoresis
method of separating serum proteins by electrical charge
143
Hemoglobin vs hematocrit values
Hematocrit = hemoglobin x 3
144
Polyclonal antibody
Large amounts of multiple antibodies
145
Solvent
The substance that DISSOLVES something (solute) in a solution
Usually a liquid
146
Antiseptic
A chemical used on living tissues to control growth of an infectious agent
147
Mutagen
A substance that causes a stable change in a gene that can be passed down to offspring
Ex: radiation, chemicals, some viruses
148
Common surface disinfectant
10% chlorine bleach
149
Red urine
Blood
Hemoglobin
150
Laboratory Director
Highest position
Oversees all activity in the lab
Must be a doctor of medicine and licensed by the state
151
Viens
Weak and elastic vessels that carry blood to the heart
152
hematuria
presence of blood in the urine
153
How do you do the two slide blood smear method? What should a good blood smear look like?
(Uses two slides) Place one droplet on an end of one of the slides, Using the spreader slide, gently bring the back edge to touch the droplet, Quickly push spreader forward to make smear. It should cover 3/4 of the slide going from heavy to light gradually with no holes/ridges. Under the microscope, the cells should be evenlyh distributed and the thin section's RBCs shouldn't overlap.
154
Lancet
Sterile, sharp blade
155
Waived tests
Tests that have a low risk of incorrect readings
156
Disinfection vs sterilization
Disinfection kills harmful microorganisms
Sterilization kills all microorganisms
157
Point of care testing (POCT)
Testing outside the laboratory; near a patient, bedside testing
158
How do you make a normal solution?
The gram equivalent of solute + 1 L of solvent
159
Joint Commission (JC)
Organization that accredits hospitals
160
How do agglutination inhibitions test determine pregnancy?
A drop of urine is added to a specimen plate containing anti-hcg antibodies, before latex pearls covered in hcg are added. If the urine contained hcg, it would've already bonded to the anti-hcg antibodies, thus preventing aggulation. (So there will be clumping if there is NO hcg. And thus aggulation is a negative result.)
161
Capillary
Small blood vessel
162
allles
Different forms of a gene
163
vein
a blood vessel that carries deoxygenated blood from the tissues to the heart
164
granulocyte
a white blood cell containing granules in the cytoplasm
165
CDC
Centers for Disease Control and Prevention
166
Monoclonal antibody
Large amounts of 1 antibody
167
glomerulus
A ball of capillaries surrounded by Bowman's capsule in the nephron and serving as the site of filtration in the vertebrate kidney. Water and other small molecules are passed through while WBCs and larger ones are not, this filtered fluid is called glomerular filtrate and is passed through Bowman's capsule and onto the renal tubule.
168
Cell-mediated vs humoral immunity
Cell-mediated immunity involves T cells and cytokines hunting down antibodies
Humoral involves antigens being produced
169
Mycology
The study of fungi
170
Critical measurements
Measurement where the accuracy is important to the funtion
171
Clinical Laboratory Improvement Amendment of 1988 (CLIA ‘88)
By the Centers for Medicare and Medicaid services
Minimum standards for all clinical tests
172
pH
Measurement of H+ ions in a solution
Measures acidity (lower) or alkalinity (higher)
173
Transfusion
A medical procedure to introduce blood or blood components into a patient’s bloodstream using an IV
174
antiserum
serum that contains anibodies
