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HOSA 24/25 > Biotechnology > Flashcards

Biotechnology Flashcards

1
Q

Homeostasis

A

The ability of an organism to sense and adjust to change

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2
Q

Taxonomical classifications

A

Domain
Kingdom
Phylum
Class
Order
Family
Genus
Species

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3
Q

Restriction enzyme

A

Enzyme that cuts DNA at a specific nucleotide sequence

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4
Q

DNA ligase

A

an enzyme that binds together disconnected strands of a DNA molecule

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5
Q

recombinant DNA

A

DNA from combined sources

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6
Q

plasmid

A

a tiny, circular piece of DNA

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7
Q

Central Dogma of Biology

A

DNA -> mRNA -> proteins

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8
Q

mRNA

A

Messenger RNA
Responsible for taking genetic info from the chromosomes to the ribosomes

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9
Q

Common cells to study…

A

Chinese hamster ovary (CHO) cells
African green monkey kidney (vero cells)
Human epithelial cells (HeLa cells)

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10
Q

Aerobic

A

using oxygen

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11
Q

Anaerobic

A

w/o oxygen

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12
Q

triglycerides

A

a class of molecules including fats and oils

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13
Q

nucleotide

A

subunit of nucleic acid
contains a 5-carbon-sugar, phosphate group, and nitrogen-containing base

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14
Q

Nitrogenous base pairs for DNA

A

adenine (A)
cytosine (C)
guanine (G)
Thymine (T)

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15
Q

Nitrogenous base pairs for RNA

A

adenine (A)
cytosine (C)
guanine (G)
uracil (U)

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16
Q

How is the sequence of bases read?

A

3 at a time
CAT/CGT/ACT

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17
Q

Solute

A

substance BEING dissolved

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18
Q

Solvent

A

liquid DOING the dissolving

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19
Q

Buffer

A

A solution with a known pH
Used to calibrate machines
Resists pH change and is used to stabilize pH

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20
Q

3’ vs 5’ ends

A

3’ ends with phosphate group (often is drawn longer)
5’ ends with five carbon sugar

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21
Q

What bond holds complementary strands together?

A

Hydrogen bond

22
Q

Bond responsible for linking nucleic acids

A

Phosphodiester bond
Linking sugars and phosphate groups

23
Q

Pyrimidine

A

nitrogenous base with a singe carbon ring
Thymine and Cytosine

24
Q

Purine

A

nitrogenous base composed of a double carbon ring
Adenine and Guanine

25
Antiparallel
Two strands in DNA are orientated opposite from each other DNA is read in one direction
26
R plasmid
type of plasmid that contains a gene for antibiotic resistance
27
Plasmid
Small rings of DNA in some bacteria in the cytoplasm
28
Gene therapy with viruses
Viruses insert DNA into a cell Potentially could insert helpful DNA
29
Recombinant DNA
DNA made from several smaller genes
30
How to express DNA is genetically modified
rDNA
31
Genetic engineering
All directed modifications of the DNA that a cell produces
32
Methods of gene therapy (2)
A virus inserts the correct DNA into a cell Good genes are packaged in a lipid envelope
33
Gel Electrophoresis
Smaller molecules move faster DNA and RNA are negatively charged and move to positive pole Neutral lipids and carbohydrates stay put
34
Common materials for gel electrophoresis
Gel: agarose Stain: Ethidium bromide Glows under UV light
35
How many different proteins does a typical cell make?
Over 2000
36
How to precipitate DNA from a solution
Alcohol
37
enzyme used in PCR
taq polymerase
38
substrate
the molecules upon which an enzyme acts
39
cofactor
an additional unit, often a metal, that an enzyme needs to function
40
What varies in the different amino acids?
The R group attached
41
ELISA test
Enzyme-Linked Immunosorbent Assay Test that uses antibodies to recognize proteins in a substance
42
PAGE
Polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis Vertical gel boxes Sorts by size/weight
43
Assay
Test
44
Types of Assays
Concentration Activity (functioning) Indicator (ex: PAGE) Potency (strength) Stability Toxicology
45
Western Blot
PAGE gel is run to determine protein size Blotted membrane is probed with an antibody to the antigen with visualization enzyme Enzyme colorizes the protein
46
Spectrophotometer
Device that measures the light passing through a substance UV (100-350nm) and Visible light (350-700)
47
Materials needed for PCR
Primers Nucleotides DNA Polymerase (sometimes Mg as a catalyst)
48
Primers in PCR
short, single stranded piece of DNA, bonds to the start of desired section
49
nucleotide
a nitrogen containing base, a sugar, and a phosphate group
50
Steps of PCR
Denature DNA to separate into two strands (heat) Anneal primers to end of desired DNA Polymerase extends

HOSA 24/25 (4 decks)

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