Closures Flashcards by Chisare Gladys

a device that
seals a product within a pack, but
which can be removed to allow the
product to be accessed

CLOSURES

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any method for closing a pack so
that the product is properly
contained and protected

CLOSURES

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Inertness is key

Safety

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closure shouldn’t interact with the container or
the product inside

Safety

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must be able to withstand harsh processing
conditions like sterilization without breaking down.

safety

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need resealing capabilities to
maintain protection after opening.

Functionality

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provides a secure seal, safeguarding the product
from external threats like air, light, moisture, or contamination

Functionality

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the closure should be easy
to remove, even for those with limited hand strength or dexterity

User-friendliness

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features become essential for products that could be harmful if
ingested accidentally

Child-resistance

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should integrate seamlessly with
existing production lines for efficient filling and packaging

Production and Environmental Considerations

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closures should cost-effective to produce and utilize minimal materials

Production and Environmental Considerations

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should be recyclable to minimize
environmental impact

Production and Environmental Considerations

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push in closures and push on closures

PUSH-FIT CLOSURES

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the closure is
pushed in the open neck of the container

Push-in closures

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a
wine bottle cork, or the lever lid used on paint cans

Push-in closures

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those in which the closure is
pushed on or over the outside of the top of the
container

Push-on closures

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the metal lid on a tin of biscuits or the
plastic overcap sometimes supplied as a resealable
feature on containers for dry products such as
ground coffee.

Push-on closures

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closures rely on compression

PUSH-IN STYLE
wine bottle corks

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The wine bottle cork material, typically natural cork or _________, squishes against the smooth glass
container neck to form a tight seal.

low-density
polyethylene (LDPE)

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Wine Bottle Corks seal is further
improved by features like ___________ which create mini-seals as they press against the glass

fins or ridges

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In PUSH-IN STYLE, the container itself can also contribute to a better seal
with a slightly ___________ and a ________ neck that
gets narrower towards the bottom.

rough surface , tapered

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these lids rely on a tight fit achieved by
pressing the lid rim onto the container neck

Pry-off Lids (Push in style)

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Both
the lid and container need to be rigid enough to
handle this pressure without deforming.

Pry-off Lids (Push in style)

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in pry-off lids, the _______ of the contact
surfaces need to be precise for a good seal.

size and angles

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These closures, common for containers like cocoa powder, use the compressibility of LDPE to create a seal

Push-in Plastic Closures for Dry Products

Push-in Plastic Closures for Dry Products type of polymer

LDPE

since in Push-in Plastic Closures for Dry Products, containers are often flexible plastic themselves, the **seal wouldn't be airtight**, therefore _______ is added

aluminum foil diaphragm

provide a true airtight seal and tamper evidence

aluminum foil diaphragm

also called press-on closures

PUSH-ON STYLE

offer a balance of speed and ease of use in manufacturing and application, allowing for fast filling and sealing

PUSH-ON STYLE

Push on style in toiletries and household chemicals, where products are opened and closed frequently, __________ is preferred for its superior resistance to flexing.

polypropylene

In toiletries and household chemicals, where products are opened and closed frequently

PUSH-ON STYLE

simplest, featuring a metal-rimmed lid placed on a metal container

Slip Lids (PUSH-ON STYLE)

While easy to produce, the seal isn't very tight to allow for easy opening

Slip Lids (PUSH-ON STYLE)

unsuitable for moisture-sensitive products, which might require additional inner wrapping like plastic film for proper preservation.

Slip Lids (PUSH-ON STYLE)

require good stretch in the closure material to form a tight seal around the container neck

Push-on Plastic Closures

______ excels in Push-on Plastic Closures due to its high elongation properties

Low-density polyethylene

The container typically has a rounded lip for easy removal and refitting of the closure, and sometimes a locating ring for stability.

Push-on Plastic Closures

requires additional features like aluminum foil diaphragms for extended shelf life and tamper evidence

Push-on Plastic Closures push-in plastic closures

These closures, often used for baby food, combine a tinplate shell with a soft, injected thermoplastic sealing compound

Push-on, Twist-off Closures

1. product is **filled hot** into a glass container with an interrupted thread. 2. As the product **cools, a vacuum forms**, pulling the closure down for a tight seal. 3. The **heated liner** conforms to the threads during this process. 4. Finally, a **capping machine applies torque** to ensure a secure seal. 5. Consumers open the container by **unscrewing the closure**

Push-on, Twist-off Closures

The number of turns a thread makes in SCREW THREADED CLOSURES

Thread Engagement

affects the tightness of the seal. More turns generally create a stronger seal but require more effort to apply

Thread Engagement SCREW THREADED CLOSURES

he shape of the threads on the closure needs to match the shape of the threads on the container neck.

Thread Profile SCREW THREADED CLOSURES

This shape of SCREW THREADED CLOSURES ensures a proper fit for a good seal.

Thread Profile

for thread profile, A popular option for plastic containers is the ______, which offers a balance of strength, smooth opening, and sealing ability

modified buttress profile

These include a pre-inserted wad (is this the paper) that acts as a seal between the container top and the closure's inner surface.

WADDED CLOSURE

In WADDED CLOSURE, when the closure dimensions are at the minimum of the specification, and the container dimensions are at the __________, the closure can still be easily applied to the container

maximum

Designed for lower cost, these closures rely on a ring inside the closure that fits into the container neck to create a seal.

LINERLESS CLOSURE

LINERLESS CLOSURE for single use

High-density polyethylene (HDPE)

LINERLESS CLOSURE for multiple use

polypropylene (PP) -due to deformation

These are often used with screw caps for tamper evidence and added security.

Membrane Seals SCREW THREADED CLOSURES

Membrane Seals SCREW THREADED CLOSURES uses

Heat fuses a polyethylene layer

combines a wad with a foil membrane loosely attached. (keeping the wad for resealing)

Combined wad and membrane

Twist-off metal lug closures, often called "White caps"

Lug closures with ipit

they require less than one turn (usually under 90°) to apply and remove

Lug closures

These are widely used on bottles of beer and are typically made from heavy gauge metal

CRIMPED CROWN CORK CLOSURE

heavy metal used in CRIMPED CROWN CORK CLOSURE

tin-free steel

designed for glass bottles containing carbonated drinks. Their high seal integrity **prevents air from entering or carbonation from escaping**, maintaining product quality

CRIMPED CROWN CORK CLOSURE

Typical lidding materials include aluminum foil, paper, metalized PET, or PP, often used in combination

PEELABLE SEALING LIDS

PEELABLE SEALING LIDS materials

aluminum foil paper metalized PET, or PP

Close attention to **dimensional tolerances** is essential, starting at the design stage and considering the container it will seal

Dimensional Accuracy

Samples are checked for **conformance to specifications**, including dimensions, presence of liners (if applicable), and liner retention

Sample Inspection

The **fit between closure and container** for proper seal efficiency is verified before full-scale manufacturing.

Fit Testing

In fit testing, Techniques like using _________ on the container's sealing surface can help visualize contact between the closure and container

colored dye

Tests are conducted to ensure the closure effectively **contains and preserves** the product. This may involve **weight or volume checks after storage** (potentially under extreme temperature and humidity) or even microbiological testing.

Product Containment

Closures are evaluated for their **intended functions**, such as ease of opening, dispensing the correct amount of product, and reclosing. Ideally, these **tests are conducted under real-world** usage conditions, like testing a shower gel closure in a shower environment. Consumer usage trials can provide valuable insights but add time and cost to development

Usability Testing

**Manufactured closure**s are checked against specifications for dimensional accuracy, visual aspects like surface defects (flashing, injection points, unfilled areas), and color consistency.** (overall)**

Closure Inspection

used to check seal efficiency on the packaging line. These might include **inverting filled packages** or subjecting them to a **squeeze test**. **Height detection systems** may also be used

On-Line Testing

involve measuring the torque required to remove the closure (take off torque) and Statistical testing is performed

Off-Line Testing

Also indicates when an unauthorized access to the protected object was made

TAMPER EVIDENT

types of TAMPER EVIDENT

1) Roll-on Pilfer Proof (ROPP) metal closures 2) Plastic tamper evident closures 3) Shrink seals or bands 4) Adhesive labels or tapes

High demand in liquor, medical, pharmaceuticals, beverages, food, agrochemicals, edible oil, lube oil and misc. industrie

Roll-on Pilfer Proof (ROPP) metal closures tamper evident

uses **rollers to apply force** around the cap and form threads around the bottle

Roll on

to **steal** in small amounts - made of **soft-temper aluminum** with a partially perforated ring (or skirt) at its lower edge.

Pilfer

When the closure is unscrewed, the **perforated ring should** _________, leaving clear evidence of opening

fall away

This closure with perforated ring or skirt is screwed downwards and then pushed to make it stationary.

Plastic tamper evident closures

Opening the container breaks the perforations and allows the cap to be removed, leaving the ring in place.

Plastic tamper evident closures

These are cylindrical sleeves of plastic film, placed loosely over a filled and sealed pack and then shrunk in place using heat

Shrink seals or bands

Self-adhesive substrates or **ungummed substrates** applied using adhesive applicators, either across the junction of a bottle/jar and its closure, or across the flaps of cartons

Adhesive labels and tapes

Applies the principle of having to **carry out two different actions at the same time**, which is generally not intuitive for young children

CHILD RESISTANT

ex of CHILD RESISTANT

Push down and Turn Squeeze and Turn

controlled dispensing of a container’s contents

Flip top closures (DISPENSING AND METERING)

Flip top closures made of _________ which can create a flexible hinge that does not break with repeated use

polypropylene

used on containers of liquids to help consistent dispensing. Some are metered to provide uniform usage ex. spray pumps

Dispensing pumps