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Clostridium Flashcards

Gram+ Bacteria

1
Q

Causes Tetanus in Horses, ruminants, humans and other animals

A

Clostridium tetani

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2
Q

Botulism in many animal species and
humans

A

Clostridium botulinum
(types A to F, H)

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3
Q

Botulism in humans

A

Clostridium argentinense
(Clostridium botulinum type G)

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4
Q

Neurotoxic clostridia

A

C. tetani, C. botulinum, C. argentinense

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5
Q

Blackleg (black quarter)
Cattle, sheep (pigs)

A

Clostridium chauvoei

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6
Q

Malignant edema
Cattle, sheep and pigs

A

Clostridium septicum

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7
Q

Braxy - Sheep

A

Clostridium septicum

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8
Q

Necrotic dermatitis - Chickens

A

Clostridium septicum

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9
Q

Sheep - Big head of rams
Cattle and sheep - Gas gangrene

A

Clostridium novyi
Type A

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10
Q

Black disease (necrotic hepatitis) - Sheep (cattle)

A

Clostridium novyi
Type B

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11
Q

Gas gangrene - Cattle, sheep, horses

A

Paeniclostridium sordellii

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12
Q

Histotoxic clostridia

A

C. chauvoei, C. septicum, C. noyvi, Paeniclostridium sordellii

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13
Q

Clostridium perfringens Type A in humans

A

Food poisoning, gas
gangrene

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14
Q

Clostridium perfringens Type A in Lambs

A

Enterotoxemic jaundice

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15
Q

Clostridium perfringens Type A in dogs

A

Hemorrhagic gastroenteritis

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16
Q

Clostridium perfringens Type A in pigs

A

Necrotizing enterocolitis
(mild)

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17
Q

Clostridium perfringens Type A in chickens

A

Necrotic enteritis (occasional cases)

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18
Q

Clostridium perfringens Type B in Lambs (under three weeks old)

A

Lamb dysentery

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19
Q

Clostridium perfringens Type B in Neonatal calves and foals

A

Enterotoxemia

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20
Q

Clostridium perfringens Type C in Piglets, lambs, calves, foals

A

Hemorrhagic enterotoxemia

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21
Q

Clostridium perfringens Type C in Adult sheep

A

Struck

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22
Q

Clostridium perfringens Type C in

A

Necrotic enteritis

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23
Q

Clostridium perfringens Type D in Sheep (all ages except
neonates) (goats, calves)

A

Pulpy kidney disease

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24
Q

Clostridium perfringens Type E in calves

A

Haemorrhagic enteritis

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25
Q

Clostridium perfringens Type E in rabbits

A

Enteritis

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26
Q

Spontaneous and antimicrobial-induced diarrhea - Rabbits and guinea pigs

A

Clostridium spiroforme

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27
Q

Clostridium difficile in Foals, pigs, dogs, hamsters, rabbits (calves)

A

Spontaneous and antimicrobial-induced diarrhea

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28
Q

Clostridium difficile in humans

A

Antimicrobial-induced diarrhea, important nosocomial infection

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29
Q

Quail disease (ulcerative
enteritis) in Game birds, young chickens and turkey poults

A

Clostridium colinum

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30
Q

Enterotoxic clostridia

A

C. perfringens, C. spiroforme, C. difficile, C. colinum

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31
Q

Tyzzer’s disease, hepatic
necrosis in Foals, laboratory animals (other wild and domesticated animals)

A

Clostridium piliforme
Atypical clostridia

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32
Q

Cl.botulinum in Ruminants, horses, fowls

A

Botulism

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33
Q

Cl. chauvoei in Cattle and sheep

A

Blackleg

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34
Q

Cl. haemolyticum in Cattle; occasionally in sheep

A

Bacillary hemoglobinuria

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35
Q

Cl. novyi Type A in Domestic animals

A

Big head in young rams; wound
infections; Gas gangrene

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36
Q

Cl. novyi Type B in Sheep, occasionally in cattle

A

Infectious necrotic hepatitis (black
disease

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37
Q

Cl. perfringens Type A in Animals

A

Gas gangrene

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38
Q

Cl. perfringens Type A in humans

A

Food poisoning

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39
Q

Cl. perfringens Type A in cattle, horses, dogs

A

Hemorrhagic gastroenteritis

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40
Q

Cl. perfringens Type A in poultry

A

Necrotic enteritis

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41
Q

Cl. perfringens Type B in lambs

A

Lamb dysentery

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42
Q

Cl. perfringens Type B in calves, foals

A

Hemorrhagic enteritis

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43
Q

Cl. perfringens Type C in Calves, piglets, older sheep, fowls

A

Hemorrhagic enterotoxemia

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44
Q

Cl. perfringens Type D in Older lambs, goats, calves

A

Enterotoxemia

45
Q

Cl. septicum in Domestic animals – cattle, pigs and
sheep

A

Malignant edema ; abomasitis
(braxy) in sheep

46
Q

Cl. tetani in Domestic animals

47
Q

Other species of Cl. in Domestic animals

A

Gas gangrene

48
Q

Causes spastic paralysis and exhibits the Formation of terminal
spore gives drumstick like shape and
appearance

A

Clostridium tetani

49
Q

Species susceptibility of Clostridium tetani: most susceptible

A

Humans and horses, followed by pigs

50
Q

Species susceptibility of Clostridium tetani: moderately susceptible

A

Ruminants (Cattle, sheep) and pigs

51
Q

Species susceptibility of Clostridium tetani: comparatively resistant

A

Carnivores (dogs and cats)

52
Q

Species susceptibility of Clostridium tetani: resistant

53
Q

Forms of tetanus: most common in
horses and humans, involves nictitating mem. followed by mm. of forelimb and hindlimb

A

Descending tetanus

54
Q

Forms of tetanus: The disease is characterized by convulsive contractions of voluntary muscles

A

Ascending tetanus

55
Q

Circumstances that contribute to tetanus in animals

A

Docking and castration wounds,
umbilical infections (tetanus neonatorum),
parturition (puerperal tetanus),
dehorning and ringing

56
Q

He isolated C. tetani

A

Arthur Nicolaier

57
Q

Mortality rate of Tetanus

58
Q

Incubation time of C. tetani

A

between 3-21 days
in neonatal tetanus between 4-14 days of birth

59
Q

Characterization of tetanus: classic rigidity of body

A

Opisthotonos
Risus sardonicus

60
Q

Common Classifications of Tetanus persistent muscle contraction in region of injury

A

Local tetanus

61
Q

Common Classifications of Tetanus: concurrent with otitis media,
associated with head injuries and cranial nerves

A

Cephalic tetanus

62
Q

Common Classifications of Tetanus: (80% prevalence) lockjaw other symptoms include elevated blood pressure, sweating, elevated temperature, rapid episodic heart rate, spasms continue for 3-4 weeks

A

Generalized tentanus

64
Q

Common Classifications of Tetanus: born without passive immunity, usually through infection of unhealed umbilical stump

A

Neonatal tetanus

65
Q

Treatment for tetanus: Antitoxin

A

IV or into subarachnoid space
for 3 consecutive days

66
Q

Treatment for tetanus: Toxoid

A

SC route , to promote active
immune response

67
Q

Treatment for tetanus: Penicillin

A

in large doses given IM or IV

68
Q

Treatment for tetanus: Humans

A

Metronidazole and intramuscular
penicillin G

69
Q

Prevention of tetanus

A

Rigorous hygienic response to injury
Vaccination

70
Q

Vacciation of anti-tetanus

A
  • First, 4 immunization shots (DPT: diphtheria- pertussis-tetanus) given within 2 years
  • Every 10 years: booster shot
71
Q

Botulism Sources of infection:
Horses and ruminants

A

poor quality baled
silage or hay containing rodent carcasses

72
Q

He discovered C. botulinum

A

Van Ermengen

73
Q

prevents release of acetylcholine at the motor plate, responsible for the characteristic flaccid paralysis

A

neurotoxin (botulinum toxin)

74
Q

Botulism Sources of infection:
Carnivores

A

contaminated raw meat and
carcasses

75
Q

Botulism Sources of infection:
waterfowl and other birds

A

dead
invertebrates and decaying vegetation

76
Q

Species susceptibility of C. botulinum: most susceptible

A

Waterfowl, cattle, horses, sheep, mink, poultry and farmed fish

77
Q

Species susceptibility of C. botulinum: relatively resistant

A

Pigs and dogs

78
Q

Species susceptibility of C. botulinum: resistant (rare cases)

A

Domestic cats

79
Q

Toxins of C. botulinum:
botulism in domestic animals

A

Types C and D

80
Q

Toxins of C. botulinum:
are the principal causes of human botulism

A

Types A, B, E, and F, G, H

81
Q

Toxins of C. botulinum:
implicated in botulism in mink and
chickens

82
Q

Toxins of C. botulinum:
botulism occurs in cattle and horses

83
Q

Toxins of C. botulinum:
botulism occurs in cattle, sheep,
turtles, chickens (“limberneck”), and wildfowl, particularly waterfowl that have been eaten rotting vegetation

84
Q

Toxins of C. botulinum:
primarily affect birds and turtles; type C (beta) toxicosis is seen mainly in cattle, sheep, and horses; it is not neurotoxic but affects vascular permeability and has enterotoxic activity

A

Type C (alpha)

85
Q

Toxins of C. botulinum:
botulism causes “lamziekte” or “loin disease” in cattle with pica (phosphorus deficiency); toxin is produced in bones and tissues of dead animals

86
Q

Incubation period of Botulism

87
Q

paralysis of muscles of the
neck in long-necked spp

A

Limberneck

88
Q

Treatment for Botulism: enhance NT
release at NMJ

A

Tetraethylamide and guanidine
hydrochloride given IV

89
Q

Clinical Syndromes (humans): most common form

A

Food-borne: ingested from foods that spores have germinated and grown in, considered an intoxication

90
Q

Clinical Syndromes (humans): very rare

A

Wound: infects a wound and then produces toxins that spread through the bloodstream

91
Q

Clinical Syndromes (humans): common source is honey

A

Infant: infection, establishes itself in the bowels of infants, colonizes and produces the toxin

92
Q

Clinical Syndromes (humans): usually
from surgeries

A

Unidentified: source is unknown, usually from intestinal colonization with in vivo production of toxin

93
Q

Botulism Symptoms

A

Begin 8-36 hours after ingestion
Length: 2 hours to 14 days after entering circulation

94
Q

Alternative Clostridium botulinum Uses

A

Botox - Type A
Biological Warfare

95
Q

types of botulinum toxin in humans

A

Type A, B , E and F

96
Q

types of botulinum toxin in cattle and poultry

A

Type B, C, and D

97
Q

HISTOTOXIC CLOSTRIDIA

A

C. chauvoei,
C. septicum,
C. novyi type A and B,
C. haemolyticum,
C. sordelii,
C. perfringens type A

98
Q

They identified C. septicum

A

Pasteur and Joubert

99
Q

C. sordellii case reports:

A
  • Pneumonia
  • Endocarditis
  • Arthritis
  • Peritonitis
  • Corneal Ulcer
  • Bacteremia
100
Q

C. sordellii wound infections:

A
  • Myonecrosis
  • Tissue allograft infections
  • Neonatal omphalitis
  • Postpartum endometritis
101
Q

C. sordellii Toxic Shock Syndrome

A

ØAcute onset and rapid progression
ØLow grade fever
ØRefractory tachycardia and hypotension
ØLeukemoid reaction
ØHemoconcentration
ØHigh case fatality

102
Q

Factors which predispose to clostridial
proliferation in the intestine

A
  1. Inappropriate husbandry methods
  2. Sudden dietary changes
  3. Local environmental influences
103
Q

They isolated C. perfringens

A

Welch and Nuttal in 1892

104
Q

Inflammation of the intestines due to antibiotics

A

Antibiotic Associated colitis

105
Q

C. difficile Toxins: Enterotoxin

A

Toxin A
– Protein toxin released by C. difficile in the lower Intestine
– Frequently cytotoxic
– Alters the permeability of the
epithelial cells of the intestinal wall.
– Pore-forming toxins, secreted by bacteria, form pores in cell membranes causing cell death.

106
Q

C. difficile Toxins: Cytotoxin

A

Toxin B
Associated with Inflammation

107
Q

Pseudomembranous Colitis: Toxic mega-colon Symptoms

A

– Increased abdominal pain
– Abdominal bloating
– Abdominal tenderness
– Fever
– Tachycardia (rapid heart rate)
– Dehydration

108
Q

Atypical clostridia

A

C.piliforme

Bacteriology (2 decks)

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