Cloning and Biotechnology - Cloning in Animals Flashcards
1
Q
How can animal clones occur naturally?
A
- Egg SPLITS during VERY EARLY stages of development
- Develops into MULTIPLE EMBRYOS
- Genetically IDENTICAL
- Produces GENETICALLY IDENTICAL clones
2
Q
What are two examples of artificial cloning in animals?
A
ARTIFICIAL twinning and SOMATIC CELL NUCLEAR transfer
3
Q
What is artificial twinning?
A
4
Q
Process of artificial twinning
A
- EGG cell extracted from FEMALE cow
- FERTILISED in Petri dish
- Fertilised egg DIVIDES forming many embryos
- Embryos form TOTIPOTENT cells
- TOTIPOTENT cells develop into EMBRYOS
- IMPLANTED in SURROGATE mother
5
Q
What is SCNT?
A
6
Q
Process of SCNT
A
- SOMATIC cell taken from one sheep
- Nucleus EXTRACTED
- ENUCLEATED somatic cell inserted into ENUCLEATED egg cell by help of ELECTRIC shock
- EMBRYO formed
- Embryo IMPLANTED in SURROGATE mother
- Offspring GENETICALLY identical
7
Q
Give two examples of uses of animal cloning
A
- SAVE ENDANGERED animals from EXTINCTION
- Clones NEW individuals
- GENETICALLY MODIFIED animals to produce USEFUL substance they wouldn’t have otherwise have produced
8
Q
Give two advantages of animal cloning
A
- DESIRABLE CHARACTERISTICS always passed on
- Not the case with SEXUAL reproduction
- INFERTILE animals can be reproduced
9
Q
Give two disadvantages of animal cloning
A
- EXPENSIVE and VERY difficult
- May NOT live as long as NATURAL offspring
