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Biology GEE > Cloning And Biotechnology > Flashcards

Cloning And Biotechnology Flashcards

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1
Q

Give the methods of how plants produce natural clones

A

Rhizomes
Stonlons
Suckers
Tubers
Bulbs

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2
Q

How to take a plant clone from a cutting?

A
  1. Use a scalpel to take a cutting from stem of parent plant
  2. Remove leaves on the lower end
  3. Dip lower end in rooting powder
  4. Place cutting in a suitable growth medium and place in propagator
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3
Q

How can we carry out micropropagation?

A
  1. Cell are taken from the plant wanting to be cloned ( These should be stem cells from root tips)
  2. Cells are sterilized to kill microorganisms ( compete for nutrients)
  3. Place in a culture medium ( with nutrients and growth hormones) until a callus forms
  4. Separate the callus and grow again
  5. When a plantlet has been formed we plant it in soil
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4
Q

Positives of plant cloning

A
  1. Desirable genetic characteristics are always passed on
  2. Plants can be reproduced in any season
  3. Less space then traditional agriculture
  4. Produces lots of plants quickly
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5
Q

Negatives of plant cloning

A
  1. Undesirable genetic characteristics always passed on
  2. No genetic variation, so all population is susceptible to disease
  3. Production costs are very high and skilled workers required
  4. Contamination can kill whole batch
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6
Q

How do we carry out artificial embryo twinning?

A
  1. Egg is extracted from female cow and fertilized in a Petri dish
  2. Fertilized egg is left to divide forming an embryo
  3. Individual cells from embryo are separated, and each cell grows until an embryo develops
  4. Embryos implanted to surrogate mother
  5. Then naturally born
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7
Q

How do we carry out SCNT?

A
  1. A somatic cell is taken from a sheep, and nucleus is extracted and kept
  2. An oocyte is taken from another sheep, and the nucleus is removed
  3. Nucleus from somatic cell is inserted into the enucleated oocyte.
  4. Nucleus is stimulated to divide (by electro fusion) forming an embryo
  5. Embryo is implanted into the surrogate mother.
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8
Q

What are the uses of animal cloning?

A
  1. Research purposes (test new drugs)
  2. Save endangered animals from extinction
  3. Used in agriculture to increase number of animals with desirable characteristics
  4. GM animals can produce useful substances so more can be produced
  5. Use of cloned embryonic cells
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9
Q

Benefits of animal cloning?

A
  1. Desirable characteristics passed on
  2. Infertile animals can be reproduced
  3. Increasing population of endangered species
  4. Animals can be cloned at any time
  5. Develop new treatments for disease
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10
Q

Negatives of animal cloning?

A
  1. Difficult, time consuming and expensive
  2. No genetic variability in cloned populations ( susceptibility to disease)
  3. May have shorter lifespans (unethical)
  4. Source of stem cells is controversial as it can be seen as destroying human life
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11
Q

Why are microorganisms used in industry?

A
  1. Ideal growth conditions easily created
  2. Short life cycle so rapid growth
  3. Grown on a range of inexpensive materials ( waste products)
  4. Can be grown any time of year
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12
Q

How are microorganisms used in Brewing?

A

Yeast is added which respires anaerobically producing ethanol

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13
Q

How are microorganisms used in baking?

A

Yeast is used so it can produce CO2 making bread rise

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14
Q

How are microorganisms used in Cheese making?

A

Rennet enzyme making milk clot ( made by genetically modifying yeast cells)
Lactobacillus convert lactose to lactic acid which solidifies the milk

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15
Q

How are microorganisms used in yoghurt making?

A

Lactic acid bacteria used such as lactobacillus and streptococcus to thicken milk

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16
Q

How are microorganisms used in Penicillin production?

A

Fungus penicillum chrysogenum is grown under stress using in industrial fermenters, and penicillin produced is used in medicine.

17
Q

How are microorganisms used in bioremediation?

A

Bacteria are placed where oil spoils have happened with required nutrients, and they break down oil.

18
Q

Benefits of microorganisms is food production?

A
  1. Many can be grown using waste products.
  2. Grown quickly, easily and cheaply
  3. Can be cultured anywhere with correct equipment
  4. Single cell protein is a healthier alternative
19
Q

Negatives of microorganisms in food production?

A
  1. Conditions are also perfect for pathogen growth, so could easily get contaminated
  2. People don’t like idea of eating products grown on waste products
  3. Single cell protein doesn’t have same texture and flavor as meat
  4. High quantities can cause health problems.
20
Q

What is batch fermentation?

A

Microorganisms are grown in individual batches in a fermentation vessel.
When one culture ends it’s removed and a different batch is grown

21
Q

What is continuous culture?

A

Microorganisms are continually grown in a fermentation vessel without stopping
Nutrients are put in and waste products are taken out at a constant rate.

22
Q

What are the 4 stages of bacteria growth curve?

A

Lag phase - Population size increases slowly, acclimatizing to environment

Log phase - Reproduction > Death. Conditions are most favorable

Stationary phase - Death = Reproduction food levels decrease, waste products increase

Decline phase - Death rate > Reproduction, food is very low, toxicity increases.

23
Q

How do we carry out aseptic conditions?

A
  1. Regularly disinfect work surfaces
  2. Work near a Bunsen flame ( Creates a convection current to removes microbes in air.
  3. Sterilize each instrument after use
  4. Pass neck over Bunsen flame after opening and closing.
  5. Open lid at 45 degrees..
24
Q

What are the methods of immobilizing enzymes?

A
  1. Encapsulation - trap enzyme in a partially permeable membrane
  2. Entrapment - Trap enzyme in silica gel matrix
  3. Covalent bonding or adsorption - bonded to collagen or cellulose fibers
25
Q

Benefits of immobilizing enzymes?

A
  1. Can be washed and reused
  2. Product doesn’t need to be purified
  3. More stable than free enzymes
26
Q

Negatives of immobilizing enzymes?

A
  1. Extra equipment required to buy so more expensive
  2. Immobilized enzymes are more expensive to buy than free enzymes, so not always economical for small scale production
  3. Can sometimes lead to a reduction in enzyme activity
27
Q

Give examples of using immobilized enzymes in industrial processes?

A
  1. Lactose to glucose and galactose (Lactase)
  2. Production of semi synthetic penicillins ( Penicillin acylase)
  3. Dextrins to glucose (glucoamylase)
  4. Glucose to fructose ( glucose isomerase)
  5. Production of pure L- Amino acids (amino acylase)

Biology GEE (7 decks)

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