Clinical View Boxes of Unit 4

Question 1

Disorders of Growth Hormone Secretion

Answer 1

Pituitary Gigantism (Andre the Giant) Vertical Growth
Acromegaly (Appositional/Widening growth) organs and bones widen.

Question 2

Disorders of Thyroid Hormone Secretion

Answer 2

Hyperthyroidism (Graves disease, increased weight loss, and hyperactivity) is opposite to hypothyroidism. Also goiter, which is due to iodine deficiency.

Question 3

Disorders of Adrenal Cortex Hormone Secretion

Answer 3

Cushing Syndrome (excessive adipose tissue deposits in face)
Addison Disease - (involves insufficient production of steroids ex. JFK)
Adrenogenital Syndrome - (inability to synthesize corticosteroids)

Question 4

Conditions Resulting in abnormal blood glucose levels

Answer 4

Type 1 & 2 Diabetes, Hypoglycemia

Question 5

Anemia

Answer 5

Any condition where the mass of erythrocytes is outside the normal range.

Question 6

Leukemia

Answer 6

Abnormal development and proliferation of leukocytes

Question 7

Angina Pectoris and Myocardial Infraction

Answer 7

Angina Pectoris - localized pain sensation on the left side of the chest, left arm and shoulder, resulting from strenuous activity
Myocardial Infraction - commonly referred to as a heart attack

Question 8

Cardiac Arrhythmia

Answer 8

Improper beating of the heart, whether irregular, too fast, or too slow.
Cardiac arrhythmia occurs when electrical impulses in the heart don’t work properly.
There may be no symptoms. Or, symptoms may include a fluttering in the chest, chest pain, fainting, or dizziness.

Question 9

Varicose Veins

Answer 9

caused by weak or damaged vein walls and valves. Treated with sclerotherapy, or vein removal (phlebectomy)

Question 10

Deep Vein Thrombosis

Answer 10

A blood clot in a deep vein, usually in the legs.
This condition is serious because blood clots can loosen and lodge in the lungs.
Leg pain or swelling may occur, but there may be no symptoms.
Treatments include medications and the use of compression stockings.

Question 11

Atherosclerosis

Answer 11

A progressive disease of elastic and muscular arteries leading to thickening of tunica intima and narrowing of arterial lumen. Treated with angioplasty

Question 12

Aneurysm

Answer 12

Dilation/widening of typically arteries, usually due to atherosclerosis. These can possibly rupture if pressure becomes too excessive.

Question 13

Peptic Ulcer

Answer 13

A chronic, solitary erosion of a portion of the lining of either the stomach or the duodenum. Caused by imbalance stomach acids and mucosa lining.

Question 14

Diverticulosis and Diverticulitis

Answer 14

Occurs in the colon/large intestine. Caused by low or high amounts of fiber in colon.

Question 15

Liver Cirrhosis

Answer 15

When hepatocytes have been destroyed and are replaced by fibrous scar tissue. Caused by alcoholism, Hepatitis B or C

Question 16

Gallstones (Choleithiasis)

Answer 16

Caused from high concentrations of certain material in bile. Can be small as grain to size of golf ball.

Question 17

Intestinal Disorders

Answer 17

Celiac, Crohn disease, lead to intense irritable bowel syndrome.

Question 18

Intravenous Pyelogram

Answer 18

Used to visualize parts of urinary tract. Provides a “time-lapse” view of urinary system flow using dye to show any blockages.

Question 19

Renal Failure and Kidney Transplants

Answer 19

When your kidneys lose their filtering ability, dangerous levels of wastes may accumulate, and your blood’s chemical makeup may get out of balance

Question 20

Dialysis

Answer 20

a procedure to remove waste products and excess fluid from the blood when the kidneys stop working properly. It often involves diverting blood to a machine to be cleaned.

Question 21

Renal Calculi (Urolithiasis)

Answer 21

Kidney Stone, treament using ultrasound (lithotripsy) or ureteroscopy is used to break up stone.

Question 22

Breast Cancer: Almost all breast cancers are carcinomas, meaning what?

Answer 22

That they are derived from the epithelium

Question 23

Breast Cancer: Can be caused by an exposure to which hormone over a long period of time?

Answer 23

Estrogen

Question 24

Benign Prostatic Hyperplasia is what?

Answer 24

A non-cancerous enlargement of the prostate gland.

Question 25

Circumcision is the surgical removal of what part of the penis?

Answer 25

Prepuce

Question 26

HPV is a risk factor for which type of cancer in females?

Answer 26

Cervical Cancer

Question 27

A PAP Smear is used to check for which type of cancer?

Answer 27

Cervical

Question 28

Peptic Ulcers can effect the lining of which part of the small intestine?

Answer 28

Dueodenum

Question 29

pneumothorax affects which part of the lung wall?

Answer 29

Pleural Cavity/Space

Question 30

Free air in the pleural space of the lung can cause it to do what?

Answer 30

Collapse

Question 31

What two parts of the normal airway are skipped after a Tracheostomy and cricothyrotomy have been performed?

Answer 31

Nasal Cavity and larynx

Question 32

Which two parts of the larynx can become inflamed due to Laryngitis?

Answer 32

The vocal folds and epiglottis

Question 33

In Asthma, which layer of the brochi and bronchioles become swollen?

Answer 33

Submucosa layer

Question 34

Which type of lymphocytes are found in lymph nodes?

Answer 34

T & B Lymphocytes