Clinical Utility and calculations

Question 1

what are the different types of clinical samples?

Answer 1

Urine, Blood, serum, plasma, CSF, vitreous humour

Question 2

how are samples analysed?

Answer 2

Biological Factors, results interpretation,

Question 3

How do BMI makers influence results?

Answer 3

result interpretation and result reporting, for example an Asian of BMI above 24 is considered obese

Question 4

what tests are for renal function?

Answer 4

Urea, Creatinine, Albumin, Bicarbonate, Sodium, Potassium, AFP, eGFR

Question 5

what tests are involved in Liver function?

Answer 5

ALT, AFP, AST,GGT and Bilirubin, Albumin and Prothrombin

Question 6

what tests are involved in tumour markers

Answer 6

AFP, CEA, CA15-3, Antibodies, CA19-9, CA125, CA50

Question 7

What tests are involved in bone profile?

Answer 7

ALP, Calcium, Phosphate, vit D, PTH

Question 8

What are the principles and applications of Biochemical investigations used for screening?

Answer 8

PSA, CEA, HbA1c, AFP

Question 9

What are the principles and applications of Biochemical investigations used for Diagnosis?

Answer 9

Renal function, Liver Function, Tumour markers, Bone profile

Question 10

What are the principles and applications of Biochemical investigations used for treatment?

Answer 10

Direct monitoring, indirect monitoring and organ toxicity

Question 11

What are the principles and applications of Biochemical investigations used for monitoring?

Answer 11

kidney disease and any other chronic diseases

Question 12

what is therapeutic drug monitoring?

Answer 12

Immunosuppressants, Antiepileptics, Cholesterol lowering, Thryoxine, Metformin, chemotherapeutics

Question 13

What is involved with the investigation of substance abuse

Answer 13

Alcoholism, Overdose, Opiate, Cannabinoids, Amphetamines, Cocaine and legal highs

Question 14

what factors can impact patient results?

Answer 14

Pre-analytical: technical issues, incorrect labelling, tube. Biological: time of day blood was taken, pre or post treatment, food intake, BMI
Analytical: Accuracy and Precision
Post Analytical: Reporting, interpretation of data and clinical decision

Question 15

How do we evaluate a new biomarker?

Answer 15

• is there adequate information on the Biomarker?
• are the results readily available for decision making?
• what is the laboratory cost of the Biomarker?
• what is the sensitivity, specificity and efficiency of the Biomarkers?
• Are there established reference ranges?
• is the sample common practice?

Question 16

What is Clinical sensitivity?

Answer 16

positive test results in the disease group

Question 17

What is clinical specificity?

Answer 17

negative test results in the healthy group

Question 18

what is efficiency?

Answer 18

how to correctly diagnose individuals

Question 19

what is a false positive rate

Answer 19

those in the positive disease group who DONT HAVE the disease

Question 20

what is the false negative rate

Answer 20

those in the negative disease group but DO HAVE the disease

Question 21

what is the true positive group

Answer 21

those in the disease group that do test Positive

Question 22

what is the true negative group

Answer 22

those in the negative disease group that are negative to the disease.

Question 23

How do you work out the number of people with the disease

Answer 23

TP+FN

Question 24

How do you work out those without the disease?

Answer 24

TN+FP

Question 25

how do you work out the total number of positives

Answer 25

TP+FP

Question 26

how do you work out the total number of negatives

Answer 26

TN+FN

Question 27

How do you work out specificity?

Answer 27

TN
——— X100
FP+TN

Question 28

How do you work out Sensitivity?

Answer 28

TP
———– X100
TP+FN

Question 29

How do you work out efficiency?

Answer 29

TN+TP
——————— X100
TP+FP+TN+FN