Clinical Skills Flashcards

1
Q

What abnormalities may be seen on inspection in precordial examination?

A

Pectus excavatum
Pectus carinatum
Scars indicating surgery
Visible pulsations
Pacemaker

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2
Q

What are ‘thrills’? and how do you feel for them?

A

A palpable vibration associated with an underlying cardiac murmur
Lying hand flat in a transverse position with the fingers over the relevant area

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3
Q

Where should you feel for thrills in a precordial examination?

A

4 auscultation areas

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3
Q

What is a heave and how is it palpated?

A

Palpable precordial impulse causing an upward push
Place hand flat on the chest vertically in the left parasternal region

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4
Q

What would the presence of a parasternal heave indicate?

A

Ventricular hypertrophy

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5
Q

What is cardiomegaly?

A

Displacement laterally of the apex beat by enlargement of the heart

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6
Q

What can cause cardiomegaly?

A

Congestive heart failure
Valvular heart disease
Cardiomyopathy

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7
Q

What type of apex beat may indicate left ventricular hypertrophy?

A

Forcible and sustained

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8
Q

What are the palpation aspects of a precordium exam?

A

Heaves and thrills
Apex beat

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9
Q

What are the 4 areas of cardiac auscultation

A

Aortic - 2nd intercostal space right sternal age
Pulmonary - 2nd intercostal space left sternal edge
Tricuspid - 4th intercostal space left left sternal edge
Bicuspid - 5th intercostal space mid clavicular line

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10
Q

What valves close to create the first heart sound?

A

Mitral
Tricuspid

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11
Q

What valves close to create the second heart sound?

A

Aortic
Pulmonary

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12
Q

What are you listening for in precordium auscultation?

A

Splitting of heart sounds
Added heart sounds
Murmurs

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13
Q

What are murmurs?

A

Noises caused by turbulent blood flow in the heart

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14
Q

Where is aortic stenosis best heard?

A

Aortic area

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15
Q

Why are the carotids auscultated?

A

Listen for any radiating sounds

16
Q

What manoeuvre accentuates aortic regurgitation?

A

Sit upright leaning forwards and breathe fully out then hold breath
Listen at full expiration a the 3rd intercostal space adjacent to left sternal border

17
Q

Describe the murmur associated with aortic regurgitation.

A

Soft, high pitched, early diastolic

18
Q

What manoeuvre accentuates the murmur of mitral stenosis?

A

Roll onto left hand side no breath hold required
Listen at mitral region

19
Q

Describe the murmur associated with mitral stenosis.

A

Low pitched and rumbling

20
Q

Name the pulses of the lower limb

A

Femoral
Popliteal
Posterior tibial
Dorsalis pedis

21
Q

What is buergers test?

A

Lift the legs 45 degrees and hold ~2 minutes
Turn to sit with legs over edge of bed
Positive would be colour change

22
Q

What is telangiectasia?

A

Small widened blood vessels on the skin

23
Q

What is haemosiderin deposition?

A

Areas of darkened or discoloured skin on the legs by deposition of a haemoglobin breakdown product

24
What is lipodermatosclerosis?
Chronic inflammatory condition caused by venous insufficiency causes thickening and hardening of the skin on the lower legs
25
What is corona phlebectatica?
Fanned out discoloured veins around the ankle area
26