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2b deck > clinical signs > Flashcards

clinical signs Flashcards

1
Q

rusty sputum

A

pneumococcal pneumonia

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2
Q

frothy pink sputum

A

pulmonary oedema

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3
Q

fetid odour of sputum

A

bronchiectasis/lung abscess

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4
Q

history of pneumonia can lead to

A

bronchiectasis or pulmonary fibrosis

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5
Q

severe measles or whooping cough can lead to

A

bronchiectasis

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6
Q

drugs which can lead to pulmonary fibdrosis

A

methotrexate, amiodarone, nitrofurantoin

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7
Q

alpha-1-antitrypsin deficiency is a genetic cause of

A

emphysema

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8
Q

purse lipped breathing

A

COPD

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9
Q

wasting of intrinsic muscles of hand can occur when there is

A

T1 nerve invasion by apical lung cancer

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10
Q

fine tremor can be caused by the use of

A

beta blockers

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11
Q

bounding pulse

A

CO2 retention

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12
Q

pulsus paradoxus is seen in

A

cardiac tamponade or constrictive pericarditis

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13
Q

raised JVP suggests

A
  • cor pulmonale OR

- SVC obstruction due to lung cancer (but this will be accompanied by oedema of face and neck)

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14
Q

chemosis

A

conjunctival oedema seen due to hypercapnia secondary to COPD

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15
Q

barrel chest

A

emphysema

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16
Q

intercostal recession

A

partial laryngeal/tracheal obstruction

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17
Q

tracheal deviation causes

A
  • pulmonary fibrosis/collapse= deviation towards the side of the collapse
  • tension pneumothorax/effusion= away from the pathology
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18
Q

transmission of vibrations in the chest are reduced in

A

pneumothorax or pleural effusion

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19
Q

chest pain when lying flat

A

decubitus angina second to heart failure

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20
Q

some causes of finger clubbing

A
  • non small cell lung cancer
  • idiopathic pulmonary fibrosis
  • bronchiectasis, lung abscess, cystic fibrosis
  • sarcoidosis
  • atrial myxoma
  • crohn’s/UC
  • cirrhosis
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21
Q

collapsing/waterhammer pulse

A

aortic regurgitation

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22
Q

malar flush

A

mitral stenosis

23
Q

splinter haemorrhages

A

IE, IV drug abuse, rheumatic heart disease, Lupus

24
Q

liver disease causing xanthelasma

A

primary billiary cirrhosis

25
Q

parasternal heave

A

left ventricular hypertrophy

26
Q

hepatomegaly with pulsation

A

tricuspid regurgitation

27
Q

causes of ascites

A

liver cirrhosis, viral hepatitis, alcoholism, advanced cancers

28
Q

radiofemoral delay

A

coarctation of aorta

29
Q

pronator drift

A

upper motor neuron lesion (contralateral pyramidal tract)

30
Q

aortic regurgitation is best heard during

A

expiration with patient sitting upright and leaning forwards

31
Q

nerve for palmar abduction of thumb

A

median

32
Q

nerve for palmar adduction of thumb

A

ulnar

33
Q

Dysdiadochokinesis

A

cerebellar syndrome or multiple sclerosis

34
Q

Hemiplegic gait description and cause

A

Arm adducted at the shoulder, flexed elbow and wrist, leg extended
and adducted at the hip, knee extended, and ankle plantar-flexed
The patient lurches his upper body toward the unparalysed side to elevate the pelvis
and swing the paralysed leg round. The plantar-flexed foot scrapes along the ground.

caused by unilateral upper motor neuron lesion on contralateral side to affected limb

35
Q

apraxic gait

A

Parkinson’s gait

Slow and shuffling

36
Q

Steppage gait

A

common peroneal nerve palsy/spinal lesion
The patient flexes the
knee and lifts the foot high to clear the toes from the ground. As it is returned to the
ground, there is a loud slapping noise.

37
Q

Ataxic gait

A

wide based gait. The feet are planted wide apart and patient
sways to one or both sides while walking. Attempting to walk heel-to-toe makes ataxic
gait more pronounced.

implies either cerebellar, vestibular or sensory impairment.

38
Q

optic nerve test

A

snellen chart, check visual fields, test light reflexes and accommodation

39
Q

jaw jerk test used to test

A

trigeminal nerve

40
Q

facial nerve test

A

screw up eyes, puff out cheeks, raise eyebrows, purse lips and show teeth

41
Q

Rinne’s test

A

The vibrating tuning fork (512Hz) is held on the mastoid until the sound is no
longer heard. It is then held near the external acoustic meatus and the sound should continue
to be heard. In conductive hearing loss, bone conduction is better than air conduction and the
sound is not heard at the external acoustic meatus. In sensorineural hearing loss, both air and
bone conduction are decreased by a similar amount

42
Q

Weber’s test

A

Weber’s test: A vibrating tuning fork (512Hz) is held against the forehead in the midline. The
vibrations are normally perceived equally in both ears because bone conduction is equal. In
conductive hearing loss, the sound is louder in the abnormal ear than in the normal ear. In
sensorineural hearing loss, the sound appears louder in the normal ear. The sensitivity of the
test can be increased by having the patient block their external ear canals with their index
fingers.

43
Q

Koilonychia

A

spoon-shaped nails, suggesting chronic iron-deficiency

44
Q

Spider naevi

A

multiple spider naevi suggest underlying liver

disease with increased circulating oestrogens.

45
Q

Dupuytren’s contracture

A

(fibrosis and shortening of the palmar aponeurosis).
Usually idiopathic or familial but there is a possible unproven association with
trauma, diabetes, epilepsy, alcoholism and liver disease.

46
Q

Kayser-Fleischer rings

A

(Wilson’s disease). These are brown rings that encircle
the iris, resulting from copper deposition. In the early stages they are best seen
with a slit lamp, but later they can be seen with the naked eye

47
Q

telangiectasia

A

(Hereditary Haemorrhagic Telangiectasia (HHT /
Osler-Weber-Rendu syndrome) affects the face, oral mucosa, GI tract, lungs, liver and
brain, resulting in recurrent haemorrhage)

48
Q

Angular stomatitis

A

may be caused by deficiency

of Vitamin B6, B12, folate or iron.

49
Q

Glossitis, an abnormal smooth red appearance of the tongue

A

Painful glossitis
is seen in Vitamin B12 or folate deficiency whereas glossitis due to irondeficiency
tends to be painless.

50
Q

Gynaecomastia

A

may be due to increased

circulating oestrogens in liver failure.

51
Q

Murphy’s sign

A

acute cholecystitis- finds inflamed gallbladder

52
Q

stiffness in RA

A

significant early morning stiffness (>60 mins usually)

& joints stiffen up again after period of rest/ in evening

53
Q

stiffness in OA

A

minimal to moderate early morning stiffness (<30 mins
usually) & joints made worse by activity. Also stiffen up in
evening.

54
Q

eyelid lag

eyelid retraction

A

lid lag- hypothyroidism

lid retraction- hyperthyroidism

2b deck (18 decks)

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