Clinical Significance of Carbohydrates

Question 1

What is stage 1 of the catabolic process?

Answer 1

The breakdown of macros into subunits.
(simples sugars, amino acids, fatty acids, and glycerol)

Question 2

What is stage 2 of the catabolic process?

Answer 2

Sending subunits to pathways of energy metabolism. (glycolysis and the citric acid cycle)

Question 3

What is stage 3 of the catabolic process?

Answer 3

Complete oxidation of nutrients and production of ATP.

Question 4

What are the net products of Glycolysis?

Answer 4

2 Pyruvate
2 ATP
2 NADH

Question 5

What are the products of the Kreb Cycle?

Answer 5

2 ATP
6 NADH
2 FADH

Question 6

What are the products of ETC?

Answer 6

34 ATP

Question 7

What do the prefixes Hyper- and Hypo mean?

Answer 7

Hyper- means high
Hypo- means low

Question 8

What do the suffixes -genesis and -olysis mean?

Answer 8

-genesis means creating
-olysis means breakdown

Question 9

What is gluconeogenesis?

Answer 9

energy from non carbohydrates

Question 10

What is the Cori Cycle?

Answer 10

where lactate produced by working muscles are taken by the liver and converted into glucose through gluconeogenesis.

Question 11

What effect does insulin have on blood glucose?

Answer 11

Lowers

Question 12

What effect does Glucagon have on blood glucose?

Answer 12

Raises

Question 13

What does Somatostatin do?

Answer 13

Keeps insulin and glucagon in check.

Question 14

What is the hormone primarily responsible for entry of glucose into the cell?

Answer 14

Insulin

Question 15

When is Insulin normally released?

Answer 15

When glucose levels are high and is not released when glucose levels are low.

Question 16

What happens when glycogen stores are filled?

Answer 16

Excess glucose is converted into fat and stored in adipose tissue.

Question 17

What hormone is the only one that decreases glucose levels?

Answer 17

Insulin. it is referred to as a hypoglycemic agent.

Question 18

What is Glucagons primary purpose?

Answer 18

Increase blood sugar

Question 19

When is Glucagon released?

Answer 19

during stress and fasting states

Question 20

What is the primary hormone responsible for increasing glucose levels?

Answer 20

Glucagon. It can be referred to as a hyperglycemic agent.

Question 21

What is normal blood glucose level?

Answer 21

90mg/100ml

Question 22

What is the purpose of Epinephrine?

Answer 22

it increases plasma glucose by inhibiting insulin. increases glycogenolysis.

Question 23

What is the purpose of Cortisol

Answer 23

Decreases intestinal glucose entry into the cell.

Question 24

What is the purpose of Growth hormone?

Answer 24

increases glycolysis

Question 25

What are Ketone used for?

Answer 25

used for energy when glucose isn’t present.

Question 26

What is Ketonemia?

Answer 26

accumulation of ketones in the blood

Question 27

Ketosis

Answer 27

abnormally high levels of blood ketone bodies that arises in pathological conditions. (fasting, low carbs, prolonged vomiting, diabetes mellitus)

Question 28

ketoacidosis

Answer 28

high concentration of ketone acids in the blood. most common with diabetes mellitus and alcohol consumption.

Question 29

Hypoglycemia

Answer 29

blood glucose concentration below fasting value. has a plasma glucose of equal to or less than 50mg/dL.

Question 30

Hyperglycemia

Answer 30

an increase in plasma glucose levels and is caused by an imbalance of hormones

Question 31

Diabetes Mellitus

Answer 31

metabolic diseases resulting from defects in insulin secretion, insulin action, or both

Question 32

Microvascular pathology

Answer 32

resulting in complications including blindness, renal failure, and neuropathy of the peripheral nerves.

Question 33

Macrovascular pathology

Answer 33

includes complications including stroke, gangrene, or coronary artery disease.

Question 34

diabetes is the most frequent cause of what?

Answer 34

blindness of persons between 25 and 74 and end stage renal disease.

Question 35

patients with diabetes have a high rate of what? the

Answer 35

myocardial infarction, stroke, limb amputation, and artery disease

Question 36

The ADA and WHO bases classification of diabetes on what?

Answer 36

the cause rather than their treatment.

Question 37

Diagnosis of DM using fasting plasma glucose

Answer 37

concentration of more than 126mg/dL on more than one occasion

Question 38

Diagnosis of DM using oral glucose tolerance test

Answer 38

2 hour 75g post load glucose level of more than 200mg/dL

Question 39

intermediate group of fasting plasma glucose

Answer 39

more than 100mg/dL but less than 126mg/dL

Question 40

intermediate group of glucose tolerance test

Answer 40

levels more than 140mg/dL but less than 199mg/dL

Question 41

GDM occurs in…

Answer 41

6 to 8 percent of pregnancies

Question 42

risk factors for GDM include

Answer 42

family history of diabetes obesity advanced maternal age glycosuria still birth

Question 43

GDM can cause…

Answer 43

cesarean delivery and hypertension

Question 44

Glycated Hemoglobin

Answer 44

blood saturated with sugar

Question 45

Hemoglobin A1C

Answer 45

value of greater than 6.5% is diagnostic of diabetes.

Question 46

there are 2 types of lactic acidosis

Answer 46

type a: hypoxic shock type b: metabolic origin