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MRCP PART 1 > Clinical Sciences > Flashcards

Clinical Sciences Flashcards

1
Q

Which cell surface marker is associated with Reed - Sternberg cells?

A

CD15

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2
Q

Which cell surface markers are found on T helper cells?

A

CD4 and CD28

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3
Q

Which cell surface markers are found on cytotoxic T cells?

A

CD8 and CD28

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4
Q

Which cell surface markers are found on NK cells?

A

CD16 and CD56

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5
Q

Which cell surface markers are found on Macrophages?

A

CD14

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6
Q

Where does RNA splicing occur?

A

The Nucleus

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7
Q

Where does ribosome production occur?

A

Nucleolus

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8
Q

Where does translation of RNA into proteins occur?

A

The ribosome

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9
Q

Where does catabolism of long fatty acid chains occur?

A

Peroxisome

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10
Q

Where is circular DNA found?

A

Mitochondrion

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11
Q

Which cytokine activates Macrophages?

A

Interferon gamma

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12
Q

Which phase of the cell cycle determines the length of the cell cycle?

A

G1

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13
Q

Which part of the cell cycle does Vincristine work on?

A

M phase

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14
Q

Which stage of sleep is associated with dreaming and loss of muscle tone?

A

REM stage
Beta waves

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15
Q

How is LVEF calculated?

A

Stroke volume / end diastolic volume * 100

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16
Q

How is stroke volume calculated?

A

End diastolic volume - end systolic volume

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17
Q

What is the role of Proteasome?

A

Degradation of cells tagged with ubiquitin

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18
Q

What is the role of Endoplasmic reticulum?

A
  • folding and translation of new proteins
  • manufacture of lysosomal enzymes
  • site of N-linked glycosylation
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19
Q

What is the role of Smooth endoplasmic reticulum?

A
  • Steroid and lipid synthesis
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20
Q

What is the role of Golgi apparatus?

A
  • addition of manose -6-phosphate to proteins to move to lysosome
  • modifies, sorts and packages molecules for cell secretion
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21
Q

What is the role of lysosomes?

A
  • breakdown of large molecules such as proteins and polysaccharides
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22
Q

Which statistical test is used to compare 2 sets of observation on a single sample? (before and after)

A

Wilcoxon signed rank

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23
Q

What is the chi - squared test used for?

A
  • Non-parametric data
  • compare percentages
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24
Q

What is the Mann - Whitney U test used for?

A
  • non - parametric data
  • ordinal, intervals or ratio scales
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25
What is the mode of inheritance in Fabrys disease?
X-linked recessive
26
What is Fabrys disease?
Defiency of alpha - galactisodase A
27
What are the features of Fabrys disease? (FABRYs C)
* Febrile Episodes * Angiokeratomas - lens opacities * Burning pain * Renal dysfunction - protein urea * Youth death * CVD
28
What causes Protooncogenes to become oncogenes?
Gain in function
29
What type of mutation occurs in tumour suppressor genes?
Loss in function
30
What are examples of tumour suppressor genes?
* p53 * BRCA 1 and 2
31
What are examples of oncogenes?
* c-myc * RET * ABL * Ras * HER2/neu * BCL - 2 *
32
What type of mutation is a nonsense mutation?
one that results in the insertion of a stop codon
33
What is a silence mutation?
A mutation that does not change the amino acid
34
What is a missense mutation?
Point mutation that changes the amino acid sequence --> non functional protein
35
Which chromosome are HLA genes located?
Chromosome 6
36
Which HLA is associated with Bechets?
HLA - B51
37
Which HLA is associated with haemochromatosis?
HLA - A3
38
Which conditions are associated with HLA - B27?
* Reactive arthritis * Ankylosing Spondylitis * Acute anterior uveitis * Psoriatic arthritis
39
Which HLA is associated with Coeliac?
HLA DQ2/DQ8
40
Which conditions are associated with HLA DR3?
* Dermatitis herpetiformis * Sjrogren's * Primary biliary cirrhosis * T1DM
41
Which conditions are associated with HLA DR4?
* T1DM * Rheumatoid arthritis
42
Where is leptin produced?
Adipose tissue
43
What are examples of ligand gated ion channel receptors?
* Nicotinic * GABA A and C * Glutamate
44
What are guanylate cylase receptors?
* Contain intrinsic enzyme activity * ANP and BNP
45
What are G protein coupled receptors?
Gs, Gi and Gq * Gs - Epinephrine, norepinephrine * D2 receptors * H2 receptors * V2 receptors * Receptors for LH, FHS, ACTH, calcitonin
46
What is the karotype for Turner's syndrome?
45XO or 45X
47
What are the features of Turner's syndrome?
* short stature * Webbed neck * High arched palate * Short 4th metacarpal * Bicuspid aortic valve * Hypothyroidism * Horse shoe kidney * Elevated gonadotrophin levels
48
Which cells produce TNF-a?
Macrophages NK cells Eosinophils
49
What is the role of alpha -1- antitryptase?
Inhibit neutrophil elastase
50
What are examples of trinucleotide repeat disorders?
Hungtington's Fragile X Myotonic dystrophy Friedriech's ataxia Spinocerebellar ataxia
51
Haemophillia A is caused by deficiency of which clotting factor?
Factor VIII
52
Haemophillia B is caused by deficiency of which clotting factor?
Factor IX
53
What is interferon alpha?
* Produced by leucocytes * antiviral action --> MHC class I expression * Used in Hepatitis B and C, Kaposi sarcoma * S/E: flu -like illness, depression
54
What is interferon beta?
* Produced by fibroblasts * antiviral action --> MHC I expression * Reduces exacerbations in relapsing-remitting MS
55
What is interferon gamma?
Produced by NK cells Activates macrophages --> MHC class II expression Weaker antiviral action Used in chronic granulamotous disease and osteopetrosis
56
What are the different nitrous bases in DNA?
* Adenine * Guanine * Cytosine * Thymine
57
Which cells produce TNF -a?
Macrophages
58
What is the MoA of Irinotecan?
Topoisomerase inhibition S/E: myelosuppression
59
What is the MoA of Imatinib?
BCR-abl tyrosine kinase inhibitor
60
What happens during Prophase in the cell cycle?
Chromatids condense
61
What happens during Metaphase?
Chromosomes line up in the middle Chromatids become attached to spindle fibres
62
What happens during Anaphase?
* Chromosome break up at centromeres * Chromatids move to the opposite ends of the cell
63
What happens during prometaphase?
Nuclear membrane breaks down Microtubules attach to chromosomes
64
65
Where is Aldosterone secreted from?
Zona glomerulosa
66
What are the primary actions of Aldosterone?
* Sodium resorption * Increase water resorption * K+ excretion
67
Where is Calcium mostly absorbed?
Duodenum
68
What is DNA splicing?
Excision of introns to join exons --> peptide formation
69
Why are triglycerides raised in poorly controlled diabetes?
Due to insulin resistance or insulinopaenia
70
What is Tay-Sachs disease?
* Lysosomal storage disease * Increase levels of GM2 in brain * Insufficient activity of hexoaminidase * Autosommal recessive
71
What are the features of Tay-Sachs disease?
* Startle reflex to noise * Seizures * Swallowing difficulties * Blindness and deafness * 'Cherry-red' spot in the eyes *
72
Where does RNA splicing occur?
The Nucleus
73
Which cells loose the ability to undergo mitosis?
Neurones
74
Which phase in the cell cycle do cells spend most of their lifetime in?
G0
75
Which cells are responsible for fibrosis in Cirrhosis?
Stellate cells
76
Which cells are found in granuloma cells in sarcoidosis?
Asteroid bodies
77
What is the MoA of Anakira?
IL-1 receptor anatagonist
78

MRCP PART 1 (10 decks)

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