Clinical Sciences

Question 1

Least abundant isotype in blood serum

Answer 1

IgE

Question 2

immunoglobulins are responsible for haemolytic blood transfusion reactions

Answer 2

IgM

Question 3

Pulmonary arteries in hypoxia

Answer 3

vasoconstrict

allows blood to be diverted to better aerated areas of the lung and improves the efficiency of gaseous exchange

Question 4

immunoglobulin for activation of B-cells

Answer 4

IgD

Question 5

A prolonged QRS (>120ms) with a dominant S wave in V1

Answer 5

Likely LBBB

LBBB occurs due to damage of the left bundle branch and associated Purkinje fibres.

Question 6

which cells produce IgE antibody

Answer 6

plasma cells

Question 7

risk factor for oropharyngeal cancer

Answer 7

Human papillomavirus 16/18

Question 8

what do T-helper cells subset 2 (Th2 cells) secrete

Answer 8

secrete IL-4, IL-5, IL-6, IL-10, IL-13

Question 9

what is a superiority trial

Answer 9

compares the new drug with an existing treatment

Question 10

bleeding gums and a perifollicular petechial rash

Answer 10

scurvy - Ascorbic acid deficiency (vit c)

Question 11

where do immune cells bind to

Answer 11

crystallising region (Fc) of immunoglobulins

Question 11

what are the obesity hormones

Answer 11

Leptin Lowers appetite
Ghrelin Gains appetite

Question 12

Nitric oxide - second messenger?

Answer 12

cGMP

Question 13

what is variance

Answer 13

measure of the spread of scores away from the mean

Variance = square of standard deviation

Question 14

what is equivalent to pre-test probability

Answer 14

prevalence is the proportion of a population that have the condition at a point in time

Question 15

what is incidence

Answer 15

rate at which new cases occur in a population during a specified time period.

Question 16

what is post-test probability

Answer 16

Post-test probability = post test odds / (1 + post-test odds)

proportion of patients with that particular test result who have the target disorder

Question 17

Pre-test odds

Answer 17

The odds that the patient has the target disorder before the test is carried out

Pre-test odds = pre-test probability / (1 - pre-test probability)

Question 18

Post-test odds

Answer 18

The odds that the patient has the target disorder after the test is carried out

Post-test odds = pre-test odds x likelihood ratio

where the likelihood ratio for a positive test result = sensitivity / (1 - specificity)

Question 19

immunoglobulins is involved in the activation of B-cells

Answer 19

IgD

Question 20

Lead-time bias

Answer 20

two tests for a disease are compared, the new test diagnoses the disease earlier, but there is no effect on the outcome of the disease

Question 21

Adrenal cortex
GFR layers

Answer 21

ACD

Aldosterone
Cortisol
DHEA

Question 22

receptor for the Ebstein-Barr virus

Answer 22

CD21`

Question 23

what is produced primarily by natural killer cells and T helper cells

Answer 23

interferon gamma

Question 23

receptor Reed-Sternberg cells

Answer 23

CD15

Question 24

co-receptor for MHC class I

Answer 24

CD8

Question 25

Expressivity

Answer 25

‘severity’ of the phenotype

Question 26

Penetrance

Answer 26

how likely’ it is that a condition will develop

Question 27

what does Troponin C bind to

Answer 27

calcium ions

Question 27

Leber’s Hereditary Optic Neuropathy

Answer 27

mitochondrial inheritance pattern

Question 28

Correlation tests

Answer 28

parametric (normally distributed): Pearson’s coefficient

non-parametric: Spearman’s coefficient

Question 29

mitochondrial myopathy

Answer 29

encephalopathy, lactic acidosis, and stroke-like episodes (MELAS).

Question 30

CADASIL vs MELAS

Answer 30

CADASIL = migraine + multiple strokes
MELAS = lactic acidosis + multiple strokes